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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2019 Jan 30;10(4):447–458. doi: 10.1017/S204017441800106X

Table 2.

Phthalate, Phenol, and Metal Concentrations in First Trimester Maternal Urine Samples (n=56)

Percentiles
Exposure LOD N< LOD % < LOD GM 95% CI Min 10th 25th 50th 75th 95th 99th Max
Phthalates (μg/L)
    MnBP 0.20 0 0 6.87 (5.11, 9.23) 0.43 1.39 4.10 6.70 14.29 41.46 54.37 54.37
    MBzP 0.50 2 3.6 4.20 (2.91, 6.06) <LOD 0.75 1.60 4.33 9.63 31.07 351.85 351.85
    MCOMHP 0.20 0 0 4.18 (2.89, 6.04) <LOD 0.35 0.72 1.47 2.60 6.34 14.53 14.53
    mCINP 0.20 4 7.2 1.29 (0.98, 1.71) 0.29 0.75 1.60 4.33 9.63 31.07 351.85 351.85
    MCPP 0.10 5 8.9 1.38 (0.90, 2.11) <LOD 0.17 0.49 1.40 4.13 24.70 55.34 55.34
    MeCPP 0.20 0 0 5.14 (3.79, 6.97) 0.32 1.16 2.26 4.79 12.83 29.50 40.91 40.91
    MEHHP 0.10 0 0 5.30 (3.92, 7.16) 0.47 1.14 2.45 5.47 11.63 31.08 40.93 40.93
    MEHP 1.00 20 35.7 1.93 (1.51, 2.47) <LOD <LOD <LOD 2.04 4.24 9.83 11.85 11.85
    MEOHP 0.10 0 0 2.76 (2.03, 3.76) 0.25 0.61 1.21 2.67 6.08 18.00 20.47 20.47
    MEP 1.00 0 0 18.04 (12.20, 26.67) 1.49 3.97 5.85 15.16 46.85 300.06 1598.01 1598.01
    MiBP 0.10 1 1.8 3.34 (2.37, 4.70) <LOD 0.57 1.97 4.02 7.45 27.04 40.80 40.80
    mINP 0.50 55 98.2 0.36 (0.34, 0.39) <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 1.90 1.90
    ΣDEHPa - - - 15.50 (11.65, 20.62) 1.77 3.60 6.88 14.23 34.52 82.15 103.60 103.60
    ΣDBP a - - - 10.74 (7.98, 14.45) 0.51 1.92 6.33 11.10 24.06 59.57 68.50 68.50
Phenols (μg/L)
    2,4-DCP 0.20 20 35.7 0.40 (0.29, 0.54) <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.28 0.99 3.17 13.10 13.10
    2,5-DCP 0.20 21 35.7 0.42 (0.28, 0.63) <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.26 0.72 11.51 298.49 298.49
    BP-3 0.20 0 0 58.35 (34.52, 98.61) 1.08 4.74 17.85 51.24 141.83 1678.11 13235.78 13235.78
    BPA 0.20 13 23.2 0.71 (0.52, 0.98) <LOD <LOD 0.26 0.72 2.05 4.58 4.76 4.76
    BPF 0.20 37 66.1 0.26 (0.20, 0.36) <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.41 2.61 29.73 29.73
    BPS 0.20 35 62.5 0.21 (0.18, 0.26) <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.26 1.13 1.55 1.55
    BuPB 0.20 39 69.6 0.27 (0.20, 0.37) <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.37 6.02 10.55 10.55
    EtPB 0.20 21 37.5 1.07 (0.57, 2.00) <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.52 3.33 220.34 769.09 769.09
    MePB 0.20 0 0 53.08 (32.20, 87.49) 0.78 5.36 14.94 60.44 233.00 1225.90 1441.48 1441.48
    PrPB 0.20 3 5.4 8.21 (4.67, 14.42) <LOD 0.66 1.13 11.50 61.72 115.80 316.57 316.57
    TCC 0.20 50 89.3 0.17 (0.14, 0.21) <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 1.04 5.45 5.45
    TCS 0.20 4 7.1 14.50 (8.28, 25.40) <LOD 0.74 5.60 15.39 73.33 368.89 1007.81 1007.81
Metals (μ/L)
    As 0.30 0 0 4.30 (3.07, 6.00) 0.50 0.93 1.69 3.80 8.58 43.00 270.00 270.00
    Ba 0.10 0 0 5.00 (3.88, 6.44) 0.53 1.65 2.68 4.60 10.19 23.93 31.88 31.88
    Be 0.04 45 81.8 0.04 (0.03, 0.04) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.21 0.36 0.36
    Cd 0.06 30 54.6 0.08 (0.07, 0.11) <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.15 0.47 0.77 0.77
    Cr 0.40 7 12.7 0.69 (0.60, 0.80) 0.28 0.28 0.45 0.71 1.02 1.98 2.48 2.48
    Cu 2.50 3 5.5 8.10 (6.64, 9.89) <LOD 2.95 4.55 9.13 14.73 23.16 26.86 26.86
    Hg 0.05 26 47.3 0.07 (0.06, 0.09) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.13 0.37 0.75 0.75
    Mn 0.08 0 0 1.44 (1.20,1.73) 0.33 0.8 1.04 1.54 2.13 6.45 6.95 6.95
    Mo 0.30 0 0 49.20 (38.31,63.19) 6.13 15.67 26.08 48.02 95.44 220.94 344.48 344.48
    Ni 0.80 1 1.8 3.77 (3.06,4.64) 0.57 1.31 1.93 3.98 6.55 12.02 17.67 17.67
    Pb 0.10 13 23.6 0.22 (0.17,0.28) <LOD <LOD 0.11 0.21 0.46 0.91 2.86 2.86
    Se 0.70 0 0 41.63 (33.23,52,15) 8.17 14.25 21.01 45.34 69.70 157.16 191.80 191.80
    Sn 0.10 11 20.0 0.31 (0.23,0.43) <LOD <LOD 0.12 0.32 0.61 1.87 4.90 4.90
    Tl 0.02 1 1.8 0.16 (0.13,0.20) <LOD 0.06 0.90 0.18 0.27 0.52 0.65 0.65
    U 0.01 46 83.6 0.01 (0.01,0.01) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04
    W 0.20 48 87.3 0.16 (0.14,0.17) <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.34 0.49 0.49
    Zn 2.00 0 0 169.87 (129.09,223.54) 8.35 43.47 78.40 195.43 378.07 740.06 1003.10 1003.10
ΣExposure
Phthalates - - 87.1b 10.40 (10.13,10.68) 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 12
Phenols - - 63.8b 7.34 (6.75,7.99) 2 5 6 8 9 11 11 11
Metalsbc - - 75.3b 12.63 (12.07,13.22) 8 10 12 13 14 15 17 17
Totalbc - - 74.8b 30.28 (28.94,31.68) 17 25 29 31 34 36 38 38
a

Units:μg/L

b

PercentofchemicalsaboveLOD

c

n=55women

GM:Geometricmean

ΣExposurereflectsthenumberofchemicalsaboveLODineachclass(phthalate,phenol,andmetal)andall-inclusivesum(total);ΣPhthalates:MnBP,MBzP,MCOMHP,mCINP,MCPP,meCPP,MEHHP,MEHP,MEOHP,MEP,MiBP,mINP;ΣPhenols:2,4-DCP,2,5-DCP,BP-3,BPA,BPF,BPS,BuPB,MePB,PrPB,TCC,TCS;ΣMetals:As,Ba,Be,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Se,Sn,Tl,U,W,Zn;Total:ΣPhthalates,ΣPhenols,ΣMetals