Table 4:
Iron biomarkers, red cell indices and CRP at ANC1 in pregnant women negative or positive for malaria parasitemia
| Biomarker | Pregnant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | RR [95%CI]a | P | Pintb | |
| GM ferritin, μg/l, (n) | 55.4[47.0:65.3](144) | 134.6[119.1: 152.1](169) | 0.89[0.68:1.09] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| GM adjusted ferritin <15, μg/l, (n)c | 33.7[28.5:39.8](144) | 58.6[52.0:66.1](169) | 0.55[0.35:0.76] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin <30, μg/l, n/N (%) | 44/144 (30.6) | 6/169 (3.6) | 0.12 [0.05:0.27] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted ferritin <30 μg/l, n/N (%) | 65/144 (45.1) | 30/169 (17.8) | 0.39 [0.27:0.57] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin <70, μg/l, n/N (%) | 88/144 (61.1) | 26/169 (15.4) | 0.25 [0.17:0.37] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted ferritin <70 μg/l, n/N (%)c | 105/144 (72.9) | 98/169 (58.0) | 0.80 [0.68:0.94] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| GM sTfR μg/ml, (n) | 5.5 [5.2:5.9](143) | 6.3 [6.0:6.7](170) | 0.13 [0.04:0.22] | 0.005 | 0.475 |
| sTfR >8.3, μg/ml, n/N (%) | 22/143 (15.4) | 40/170 (23.5) | 1.53 (0.96:2.45) | 0.087 | 0.99 |
| GM sTfR/log ferritin ratio,(n) | 3.3 [3.0:3.6](143) | 3.0 [2.8:3.2](169) | −0.08 [−0.20: 0.03] | 0.14 | 0.041 |
| sTfR/log ferritin >5.6, n/N(%) | 24/143 (16.8) | 13/169 (7.7) | 0.46 [0.24:0.87] | 0.014 | 0.007 |
| Mean adjusted BIS, mg/kg (n)c | 5.0 [4.3:5.7](143) | 6.5 [6.0:7.0](169) | 1.53 [0.67:2.38] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Low adjusted body iron < 0 mg/kg, n/N (%)c | 20/143 (14.0) | 5/169 (3.0) | 0.21 [0.08:0.55] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| GM CRP, mg/l, (n) | 1.3 [1.0:1.7](142) | 9.2 [7.8:10.9](169) | 1.97 [1.66:2.29] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CRP <10, mg/l, n/N (%) | 126/142 (88.7) | 84/169 (49.7) | 0.56 [0.48:0.66] | <0.001 | 0.078 |
| CRP <5, mg/l, n/N (%) | 113/142 (79.6) | 46/169 (27.2) | 0.34 [0.26:0.44] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| GM ZnPP, amol/molHeme, (n) | 95.8[91.5:100.2](135) | 115.7[110:122](150) | 0.19[0.12:0.26) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| ZnPP >70 n/N, (%) | 124/135 (91.9) | 148/150 (98.7) | 1.07 [1.02:1.13] | 0.008 | 0.038 |
| ZnPP >85 n/N, (%) | 91/135 (67.4) | 131/150 (87.3) | 1.30 [1.14:1.48] | <0.001 | 0.036 |
| GM hepcidin, nmol/l, (n) | 2.3 [1.8:2.9](143) | 3.6 [3.0:4.4](168) | 0.45 (0.16:0.74) | 0.002 | 0.049 |
| Hepcidin <0.7, n/N (%) | 38/143 (26.6) | 20/168 (11.9) | 0.45 [0.27:0.73] | 0.001 | 0.071 |
| Mean Hb, g/dl, (n) | 10.8 [10.6:11.0](144) | 9.7[9.5: 9.9](170) | −1.14[−1.42:−0.86] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hb <11 g/dl, (%) | 76/144 (52.8) | 143/170 (84.1) | 1.59 [135:1.88] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Mean RDW, % (n) | 14.4 [14.2:14.7](143) | 15.1 [14.8:15.5](166) | 0.73[0.33:1.13] | <0.001 | 0.028 |
| RDW <14.5, n/N (%) | 81/143 (56.6) | 67/166 (40.4) | 0.71 [0.56:0.90] | 0.004 | 0.247 |
| Mean MCHC, g/dl (n) | 33.9 [33.5:34.2](144) | 33.3 [33.0:33.7](170) | −0.54[−0.99:−0.09] | 0.022 | 0.021 |
| MCHC <32, n/N (%) | 31/144 (21.5) | 42/170 (24.7) | 1.15 [0.76:1.73] | 0.592 | 0.166 |
| Mean MCV, fl (n) | 85.4 [84.0:86.8](144) | 86.1 [84.7:87.4](170) | 0.63[−1.28: 2.55] | 0.516 | 0.236 |
| MCV <75, n/N (%) | 16/144 (11.1) | 19/170 (11.2) | 1.01 [0.54:1.88] | 1 | 0.568 |
GM: geometric mean; BIS: body iron store; Square parenthesis: 95% confidence interval
a
Risk-ratio associated with malaria for dichotomous outcomes or difference in (log-transformed) for continuous outcomes
b
Interaction test comparing the magnitude of the malaria effect between the pregnant and non-pregnant cohorts
c
Adjusted with internal regression correction using common slope for non-pregnant and pregnant women