Fig. 2.

a Fibrous scar tissues and sclerotic calluses were removed until bleeding spots were seen from the fractured margins. b Graft of cancellous bone block with attached cortex was trimmed to match the size and shape of the scaphoid deficits and embedded in the deficit site. c Fracture margins were adequately filled up, fracture reduction was conducted, and then the preselected ASC was inserted. d Warm (35–40 °C) salt water was sprayed to gradually tighten the extended arms to produce compressive stress onto the nonunion margins, which became a valuable applied pressure to accelerate healing