Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects across tertiles of eGFR, n = 21,376 a
| Total | Tertile of eGFR b | P c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 7,128) | T2 (n = 7,149) | T3 (n = 7,099) | |||
| Demographic data, lifestyle, and medical history | |||||
| Age, years | 51.9 ± 10.0 | 58.0 ± 10.9 | 50.7 ± 8.5 | 47.1 ± 6.7 | < 0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < High school | 3583 (17.0) | 1898 (53.0) | 1012 (28.2) | 673 (18.8) | |
| High school | 9354 (44.4) | 2854 (30.5) | 3169 (33.9) | 3331 (35.6) | |
| > High school | 8150 (38.6) | 2254 (27.7) | 2885 (35.4) | 3011 (36.9) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never married | 767 (3.8) | 148 (19.3) | 247 (32.2) | 372 (48.5) | |
| Married | 18412 (91.0) | 6134 (33.3) | 6207 (33.7) | 6071 (33.0) | |
| Widowed/divorced | 1048 (5.2) | 455 (43.4) | 320 (30.5) | 273 (26.1) | |
| Family income, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 800,000 NTD | 7395 (37.7) | 2975 (40.2) | 2295 (31.0) | 2125 (28.8) | |
| 810,000–1.6 million NTD | 8197 (41.8) | 2338 (28.5) | 2873 (35.1) | 2986 (36.4) | |
| > 1.61 million NTD | 4036 (20.6) | 1103 (27.3) | 1471 (36.5) | 1462 (36.2) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 11469 (55.4) | 4017 (35.0) | 3816 (33.3) | 3636 (31.7) | |
| Past | 3140 (15.2) | 1120 (35.7) | 1078 (34.3) | 942 (30.0) | |
| Current | 6086 (29.4) | 1728 (28.4) | 2046 (33.6) | 2312 (38.0) | |
| Drinking alcohol, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 14648 (73.0) | 4950 (33.8) | 4856 (33.1) | 4842 (33.1) | |
| Yes | 5405 (27.0) | 1678 (31.1) | 1855 (34.3) | 1872 (34.6) | |
| Sleeping, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 6 h | 4828 (23.1) | 1747 (36.2) | 1572 (32.6) | 1509 (31.2) | |
| 6–7 h | 10776 (51.5) | 3407 (31.6) | 3681 (34.2) | 3688 (34.2) | |
| > 7 h | 5324 (25.4) | 1798 (33.8) | 1753 (32.9) | 1774 (33.3) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| No | 12554 (66.9) | 4066 (32.4) | 4213 (33.6) | 4275 (34.0) | |
| Yes | 6199 (33.1) | 2073 (33.4) | 2118 (34.2) | 2008 (32.4) | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 1298 (6.5) | 746 (57.5) | 329 (25.3) | 223 (17.2) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 6533 (44.0) | 3051 (46.7) | 1941 (29.7) | 1541 (23.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2356 (11.0) | 1052 (44.6) | 666 (28.3) | 638 (27.1) | < 0.001 |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.1 | 24.9 ± 3.0 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 124.7 ± 16.7 | 128.1 ± 17.9 | 124.0 ± 16.2 | 122.0 ± 15.4 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 76.9 ± 11.2 | 77.9 ± 11.5 | 76.8 ± 11.1 | 75.9 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
| Biochemical data | |||||
| FBG (mmol/L) | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 0.33 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| TC/HDL-C ratio | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| Testosterone (nmol/L)d | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 0.001 |
| CRP (nmol/L) | 23.2 ± 47.5 | 25.7 ± 48.9 | 22.3 ± 54.3 | 21.3 ± 37.2 | < 0.001 |
| Kidney function biomarkers | |||||
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 100.8 ± 19.6 | 113.5 ± 29.0 | 98.4 ± 5.3 | 90.4 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 75.4 ± 11.3 | 63.0 ± 7.7 | 74.5 ± 3.0 | 83.2 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
| Urinary protein, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| + 1 | 20260 (94.8) | 6481 (32.0) | 6909 (34.1) | 6870 (33.9) | |
| + 2 | 641 (3.0) | 311 (48.5) | 163 (25.4) | 167 (26.1) | |
| + 3 | 303 (1.4) | 188 (62.0) | 63 (20.8) | 52 (17.2) | |
| + 4 | 172 (0.8) | 148 (86.1) | 14 (8.1) | 10 (5.8) | |
NTD new taiwan dollar, BMI body mass index, FBG fasting blood glucose, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, TC/HDL-C total cholesterol-to-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
a Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD, and categorical data are presented as number (percentage)
b Tertiles of eGFR, T1: ≤ 71.7 mL/min/1.73 m2; T2: 71.8–81.2 mL/min/1.73 m2; T3: ≥ 81.3 mL/min/1.73 m2
c P was analyzed using general linear model for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables
d Testosterone: all, n = 256; T1, n = 78; T2, n = 91; T3, n = 87