Table 2.
Mean values of gait parameters for healthy subjects (normative values)
| Age decade | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10–19 | 20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | ≥70 | |
| Speed (m/s) | 1.16 (0.15) | 1.18 (0.15) | 1.16* (0.12) | 1.19** (0.15) | 1.16** (0.19) | 1.06** (0.17) | 0.94** (0.19) |
| Stride length (m) | 1.23** (0.11) | 1.32 (0.11) | 1.29** (0.10) | 1.27** (0.14) | 1.25** (0.14) | 1.19** (0.16) | 1.05** (0.16) |
| Stride time (s) | 1.08** (0.09) | 1.13 (0.10) | 1.12 (0.10) | 1.08** (0.09) | 1.09** (0.12) | 1.13** (0.10) | 1.19 (0.12) |
| Step length (m) | 0.63* (0.05) | 0.67 (0.06) | 0.65** (0.05) | 0.64** (0.07) | 0.62** (0.07) | 0.60** (0.08) | 0.52** (0.08) |
| Step time (s) | 0.54** (0.05) | 0.56 (0.05) | 0.56 (0.05) | 0.54** (0.05) | 0.55** (0.06) | 0.56** (0.05) | 0.59 (0.07) |
| Step width (m) | 0.11** (0.03) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.12** (0.03) | 0.11** (0.02) | 0.12** (0.03) | 0.10** (0.03) | 0.13** (0.04) |
| Cadence (step/min) | 111.87**(9.27) | 107.43 (9.60) | 107.87 (10.25) | 112.37** (9.36) | 111.15** (12.03) | 107.56** (9.10) | 102.04 (9.99) |
| Step asymmetry (m) | 0.05** (0.08) | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.04* (0.02) | 0.05* (0.03) | 0.06* (0.13) | 0.12 (0.26) | 0.07 (0.08) |
| Swing time (s) | 0.40 (0.05) | 0.43 (0.14) | 0.43* (0.15) | 0.41 (0.12) | 0.41 (0.14) | 0.42 (0.12) | 0.42** (0.07) |
| Double support time (s) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.29* (0.07) | 0.29** (0.09) | 0.31** (0.10) | 0.37 (0.19) | 0.42 (0.19) |
| Trunk obliquity (°) | 4.35 (1.36) | 5.05 (1.66) | 4.69* (1.18) | 4.29 (1.25) | 5.17 (2.82) | 4.87** (1.52) | 4.76** (1.31) |
| Trunk tilt (°) | 6.29 (1.68) | 6.26 (0.95) | 6.35* (1.64) | 5.90** (1.02) | 5.28** (1.02) | 5.47** (1.26) | 5.55** (1.43) |
| Trunk rotation (°) | 14.17** (3.95) | 15.61 (3.95) | 16.12* (3.65) | 17.08* (3.82) | 17.34 (3.11) | 17.80 (5.25) | 14.87** (3.89) |
| Pelvic obliquity (°) | 8.35 (2.14) | 6.46 (1.98) | 7.63 (2.55) | 7.49 (3.11) | 7.72 (2.12) | 7.41 (1.64) | 8.22 (1.80) |
| Pelvic tilt (°) | 17.34 (3.85) | 13.68 (3.85) | 16.08 (5.38) | 16.75 (8.25) | 17.08 (5.59) | 19.13 (5.64) | 19.67 (5.46) |
| Pelvic rotation (°) | 11.12 (4.06) | 10.16* (3.74) | 11.04 (3.62) | 13.08 (2.90) | 10.15* (2.27) | 11.72 (3.29) | 11.03* (3.09) |
| Hip abduction-adduction (°) | 10.19 (2.51) | 10.09 (1.98) | 9.39** (2.10) | 11.26 (3.19) | 11.95 (3.47) | 11.56 (1.69) | 12.58 (3.70) |
| Hip flexion-extension (°) | 57.36 (6.33) | 53.82 (6.06) | 52.70 (5.76) | 56.58 (4.76) | 56.72* (5.72) | 55.94* (7.71) | 48.42 (8.65) |
| Hip height variation (cm) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.07** (0.01) | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) |
| Knee valgus-varus alignment (°) | 18.42 (3.73) | 19.52 (4.56) | 17.65 (5.51) | 19.17 (5.44) | 21.68 (4.46) | 21.61 (4.42) | 22.81 (7.42) |
| Knee flexion-extension (°) | 52.45 (4.19) | 50.66 (7.66) | 50.33** (4.85) | 50.53 (5.58) | 47.97 (5.80) | 47.75 (5.27) | 46.38 (6.24) |
| Knee height variation (cm) | 0.16 (0.13) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.09) |
| Ankle height variation (cm) | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.20** (0.03) | 0.20 (0.09) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.05) |
Performance of healthy subjects divided by age decade in all spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters.
All measures are expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation (in parentheses). *: p < 0.05. **: p < 0.01