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. 2019 Jul 26;5:24. doi: 10.1186/s40851-019-0140-4

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Kinematic profiles showing gape, hyobranchium (hyoid), lateral head, and vertical head movements in metamorphic (a) and paedomorphic (b) Alpine newts. Bold and black lines indicate the mean values, while the grey and slender lines are ± standard deviation. The X-axes are normalized as percentage of total gape cycle