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Mean urchin biomass (A), mean adult stipe density of Laminariales and Desmarestiales (B), and total percent coralline cover (C) at kelp forest sites occupied by sea otters (site 1 = 34 y, site 2 = 18 y) and urchin barren sites not occupied by otters. Images from site 1 (D) and site 4 (E) are shown. Data are mean ± 95% confidence interval. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between means as determined by using Tukey’s HSD post hoc test.
