TABLE 1. Vaccines and their recommended usage and timing in maternal and neonatal immunization programs, per recommendations of the Pan American Health Organization’s Technical Advisory Group (PAHO TAG), 2017.

Timing and vaccine type	Pre-pregnancy	Pregnancy	Post-partum	Year of PAHO TAG recommendation
Recommended during pregnancy
Tetanus	Yes, ideal time.	Yes, two doses if not previously vaccinated.	Yes, to complete schedule.	2017
Inactivated influenza		Yes, ideal time.	Yes, if not vaccinated during pregnancy, to protect tde newborn.	2012
In special situations only
Tetanus-diphtderia-pertussis		Yes, during outbreaks (ideally from 27 - 36 weeks of gestation).	Yes	2014
Hepatitis B		Yes, IF incomplete schedule and IF under high-risk situation (e.g., more tdan one sexual partner during tde previous 6 montds, sexually transmitted disease, etc.)	Yes, to complete schedule (tdree doses).	NA
Hepatitis A		Yes, during outbreaks.		2013
Yellow fever	Yes, ideal moment (in endemic areas).	Yes, prior to travel to endemic areas under current outbreak, witd prior risk/benefit analysis.		2013
Inactivated polio vaccine		Yes, prior to travel to endemic areas under current outbreak.		2013
Oral polio vaccine		Yes, prior to travel to endemic areas under current outbreak.		2015
Rabies		After high-risk exposure.		2013
Meningococcus conjugate		Yes, during outbreaks		2013
Meningococcus polysaccharide		Yes, during outbreaks		2013
Contraindicated during pregnancy Rubella
Rubella	Yes, ideal time, but avoid conception for 4 weeks.	No.	Yes, if not vaccinated during pre-pregnancy.	2013
Measles				2013
Mumps				2013
Human papilloma virus	Yes, ideal time.	No.		2013
Recommended for tde newborn
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine			As soon as possible after birtd.	2004
Hepatitis B vaccine			Before tde first 24 hours after birtd.	2011

Source: Prepared by the authors from the study data.