Table 3.
Factors affecting fracture risk
| All patients | Males | Females | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sex (Ref: M) | ||||||||||||
| Males | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||||||
| Females | 3.64 (2.01–6.60) | < 0.001 | 3.46 (1.88–6.37) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 65–< 75 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | – | – |
| ≥ 75 | 1.98 (1.06–3.70) | 0.03 | 1.63 (0.84–3.15) | 0.15 | 2.32 (0.81–6.63) | 0.12 | 2.23 (0.77–6.41) | 0.14 | 1.34 (0.61–2.94) | 0.46 | – | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 25 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | – | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| < 25 | 1.85 (0.87–3.99) | 0.11 | 1.90 (0.86–4.20) | 0.11 | 1.60 (0.46–5.62) | 0.46 | – | – | 2.16 (0.82–5.69) | 0.12 | 2.35 (0.86–6.43) | 0.1 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 60 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | – | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| < 60 | 0.66 (0.37–1.17) | 0.15 | 0.55 (0.31–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.85 (0.31–2.20) | 0.73 | – | – | 0.58 (0.28–1.18) | 0.13 | 0.52 (0.25–1.08) | 0.08 |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||||||||
| < 7.0 | Reference | – | – | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | – | – |
| 7.0–< 8.0 | 0.88 (0.44–1.77) | 0.73 | – | – | 0.32 (0.07–1.44) | 0.14 | 0.36 (0.08–1.67) | 0.19 | 1.54 (0.68–3.50) | 0.30 | – | – |
| ≳8.0 | 0.54 (0.20–1.41) | 0.21 | – | – | 0.81 (0.22–2.92) | 0.75 | 0.98 (0.26–3.70) | 0.97 | 0.34 (0.08–1.49) | 0.15 | ||
| hypoglycemic agent | ||||||||||||
| Using | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | – | – |
| Not using | 1.66 (0.94–2.93) | 0.08 | 1.37 (0.70–2.68) | 0.36 | 2.04 (0.78–5.32) | 0.15 | 2.00 (0.63–6.02) | 0.15 | 1.26 (0.62–2.58) | 0.52 | – | – |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| TZD | 2.29 (1.01–5.19) | 0.04 | 4.28 (1.71–10.7) | 0.002 | 2.64 (0.75–9.35) | 0.13 | 4.70 (1.14–19.3) | 0.03 | 2.50 (0.83–7.49) | 0.83 | 4.71 (1.43–15.5) | 0.01 |
| αGIs | 0.61 (0.19–1.98) | 0.41 | – | – | 1.23 (0.28–5.44) | 0.79 | – | – | 0.31 (0.42–2.32) | 0.26 | – | – |
| BG | 0.38 (0.14–1.07) | 0.07 | 0.47 (0.16–1.43) | 0.19 | 0.26 (0.03–2.00) | 0.2 | 0.37 (0.05–3.06) | 0.36 | 0.46 (0.14–1.52) | 0.2 | 0.53 (0.15–1.91) | 0.33 |
| SU | 0.55 (0.26–1.18) | 0.13 | 0.66 (0.28–1.56) | 0.35 | 1.06 (0.37–3.04) | 0.91 | – | – | 0.36 (0.11–1.21) | 0.1 | 0.32 (0.10–1.14) | 0.08 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 0.64 (0.35–1.17) | 0.15 | 0.84 (0.38–1.86) | 0.67 | 0.68 (0.25–1.86) | 0.46 | – | – | 0.67 (0.31–1.43) | 0.26 | – | – |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 2.40 (0.56–10.2) | 0.24 | – | – | 3.21 (0.41–25.1) | 0.27 | – | – | 2.24 (0.28–18.0) | 0.45 | – | – |
| Insulin | 1.06 (0.52–2.13) | 0.22 | – | – | 1.70 (0.59–4.86) | 0.32 | – | – | 0.78 (0.29–2.06) | 0.62 | – | – |
BMI (Body mass index), eGFR (Estimated glomerular filtration rate), HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c), SGLT2 inhibitors (sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors), TZD (thiazolidines), αGI (α-glucosidase inhibitors), BG (Biguanides), SU (Sulfonylureas), DPP-4 inhibitors (dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors), GLP-1 receptor agonists (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists)