Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the study cohort (per patient, total no = 404)
| Characteristics | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|
| Age | 65.8 (14.1) |
| BMI | 24.7 (5.3) |
| Baseline creatinine | 150 μmol/L (71) |
| Baseline eGFR | 50.2 mL/min (27.7) |
| Creatinine at AKI diagnosis | 297.5 μmol/L (160.7) |
| Gender (%) | |
| Male | 235 (58.2) |
| Female | 169 (41.8) |
| Ethnicity (%) | |
| Chinese | 278 (68.8) |
| Malay | 71 (17.6) |
| Indian | 39 (9.7) |
| Others | 16 (4) |
| Primary Etiology of AKI | |
| Pre-renal | 112 (27.7) |
| Ischemic acute tubular necrosis | 62 (15.3) |
| Cardio-renal syndrome | 33 (8.2) |
| Hypertensive emergency | 18 (4.5) |
| Allograft rejection | 1 (0.2) |
| Abdominal compartment syndrome | 2 (0.5) |
| Tubular obstruction | 9 (2.2) |
| Drug- associated AKI | 12 (3) |
| Cardiac surgery associated-AKI | 20 (5) |
| Sepsis associated-AKI | 105 (26) |
| Contrast-induced AKI (CIN) | 7 (1.7) |
| Obstructive uropathy | 9 (2.2) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 10 (2.5) |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 4 (1) |
| Single or multiple etiology | |
| Single | 310 (76.7) |
| Multiple | 94 (23.3) |
| Location | |
| General wards | 272 (67.3) |
| Intensive care area/ High dependency unit | 43 (10.6) |
| Intensive care unit | 89 (22) |
| Characteristics | Frequency (%) |
| Service where patient is located | |
| Cardiac | 81 (20) |
| Surgery | 78 (19.3) |
| Medical | 147 (36.1) |
| Renal | 98 (24.3) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 230 (56.9) |
| Hypertension | 302 (74.8) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 187 (46.3) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 58 (14.4) |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 57 (14.1) |
| Cancer | 78 (19.3) |
| KDIGO stage at AKI diagnosis | |
| 1 | 238 (58.9) |
| 2 | 99 (24.5) |
| 3 | 67 (16.6) |