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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2019 May 3;211:92–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.03.043

Table 2.

Effect estimates for the association between fasting blood biomarkers of metabolic health and performance on cognitive function tasks.

Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Flexibility
B (95% CI; p)		 Inhibitory Control
B (95% CI; p)		 Receptive Language
B (95% CI; p)
Glucose (SD) mg/dL1 −2.0 (−3.7, −0.2; 0.03) −2.0 (−3.5, −0.5; 0.01) −1.0 (−3.2, 1.2; 0.36)
 Hispanic (yes) −5.3 (−9.5, −1.0; 0.02) -- --
 APGAR-5 -- -- 4.7 (−0.6, 10.0; 0.08)
 Birthweight z-score -- 1.6 (0.1, 3.1; 0.04) --
 Maternal Education2 -- -- --
 Gestation Smoking3 -- -- --
Insulin (SD) uIU/ml1 −0.9 (−2.4, 0.5; 0.21) −1.7 (−3.0, −0.4; 0.01) −0.4 (−2.3, 1.5; 0.67)
 Hispanic (yes) −6.6 (−10.8, −2.4; 0.002) -- --
 APGAR-5 −3.7 (−7.8, 0.4; 0.07) -- 4.3 (−1.0, 9.5; 0.11)
 Birthweight z-score -- 1.4 (−0.1, 2.9; 0.07) --
 Maternal Education2 -- -- 3.2 (−1.0, 7.5; 0.13)
 Gestation Smoking3 -- -- --
HOMA-IR (SD)1 −1.0 (−2.5, 0.5; 0.20) −1.8 (−3.1, −0.5; 0.01) −0.5 (−2.5, 1.4; 0.60)
 Hispanic (yes) −6.4 (−10.7, −2.2; 0.003) -- --
 APGAR-5 −3.6 (−7.7, 0.4; 0.08) -- 4.3 (−1.0, 9.5; 0.11)
 Birthweight z-score -- 1.4 (−0.1, 2.9; 0.07) --
 Maternal Education2 -- -- 3.2 (−1.1, 7.4; 0.14)
 Gestation Smoking3 -- -- --
BMI-for-age z-score1 −0.6 (−2.4, 1.2; 0.50) −0.7 (−2.4, 1.0; 0.42) 0.7 (−1.3, 2.7; 0.49)
 Hispanic (yes) −7.0 (−11.4, −2.6; 0.002) -- --
 APGAR-5 −3.4 (−7.5, 0.7; 0.10) -- 4.5 (−0.6, 9.7; 0.08)
 Birthweight z-score -- 1.5 (−0.2, 3.1; 0.09) --
 Maternal Education2 -- 1.2 (−2.0, 4.3; 0.46) 3.4 (−0.6, 7.4; 0.09)
 Gestation Smoking3 -- -- --
1:

Unstandardized beta estimates are shown for variables included in the final models, only.

2:

Maternal education categories were Bachelor’s degree or higher versus all others (reference).

3:

Gestational smoking categories were smoking during pregnancy, yes versus no (reference).