Bilayer VSMC patches layered at alternating angles to mimic native tissue organization. BNP (Bilayer NonPatterned VSMC patches), BPP (Bilayer Parallel Patterned VSMC patches), BTP (Bilayer Tilted Patterned VSMC patches, bottom layer: +15°, top layer: −15°). (a) Cell tracker- labeled layers (Red for top layer, Green for bottom layer) prior to stacking for visualization. (b) Immunofluorescent collagen stained bilayer VSMC patches shown in red. (c) Normalized collagen content of monolayer and bilayer VSMC patches. n=3, *, P<0.05. Scale bars represent 100 µm.