Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics of Analysis Variables (N=495)
| n (%) or M (SD) | Range | Skewness/Kurtosis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child sex (N=481) | ||||
| Male | 274 (57.0) | |||
| Female | 207 (43.0) | |||
| Education (N=495) | ||||
| < High school | 124 (25.1) | |||
| High school (9~12th) | 371 (74.9) | |||
| Race/ethnicity (N=481) | ||||
| White | 280 (58.2) | |||
| African American | 124 (25.8) | |||
| Native American | 32 (6.7) | |||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 21 (4.4) | |||
| Others | 24 (5.0) | |||
| Baseline depression (N=495) | 10.79 (5.67) | 0~27 | ||
| Baseline externalizing behavior (N=395) | Externalizing behavior | 13.48 (8.71) | 0~53 | |
| Rule-breaking | 2.38 (2.07) | 0~14 | ||
| Aggression | 11.09 (7.11) | 0~40 | ||
| Childhood adversitya (N=495) | ||||
| 0 | 8 (1.6) | |||
| 1 | 53 (10.7) | |||
| 2 | 74 (14.9) | |||
| 3 | 131 (26.5) | |||
| 4 | 107 (21.6) | |||
| 5 | 78 (15.8) | |||
| 6 | 37 (7.5) | |||
| 7 | 4 (0.8) | |||
| 8 | 3 (0.6) | |||
| Primary care providerb (N=396) | ||||
| Mother | 89 (22.5) | |||
| Grandmother | 10 (2.5) | |||
| Other relatives | 28 (7.1) | |||
| Boyfriend/husband’s mother | 16 (4.0) | |||
| Others | 253 (63.9) | |||
| Disagreement with grandparentsc (N=422) | ||||
| Never | 213 (50.5) | |||
| Seldom | 96 (22.7) | |||
| Sometimes | 74 (17.5) | |||
| Fairly Often | 23 (5.5) | |||
| Very Often | 16 (3.8) | |||
| Physical disciplined (N=344) | 17.01 (8.12) | 1~43 | ||
| Parenting stresse (N=418) | 75.92 (20.74) | 36~165 | ||
| Externalizing behaviorf (N=327) | Externalizing behavior | 11.70 (9.17) | 0~47 | 1.17/1.35 |
| Rule-breaking | 2.52 (2.52) | 0~16 | 1.69/4.60 | |
| Aggression | 9.18 (7.25) | 0~34 | 1.07/0.84 |
a
Assessed retrospectively
b
Others indicate other relative, friend, father of baby/boyfriend/husband, day care, and paid baby sitter
c
Parent criticizes your parenting
d
Conflict Tactics total score
e
Parenting Stress Index (PSI) total score
f
Externalizing Behavior (CBCL) total score, subscales