Table 2. Adolescence factors.
| Potential risk factor | Myopia (≤ -0.75D) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | ||||
| n | OR (95% CI)1 | P value | OR (95% CI)2(n=449) | p value / p trend | |
| Age 12 Cognitive ability (g) (standardised scale) | 1489 | 1.11 (0.96 - 1.27) | 0.148 | ||
| Age 12 Verbal cognitive ability (standardised scale) | 1512 | 1.22 (1.06 - 1.40) | 0.005* | 0.72 (0.48 - 1.08) | 0.112 |
| Age 12 Non-verbal cognitive ability (standardised scale) | 1489 | 0.98 (0.86 - 1.12) | 0.756 | ||
| Age 12 Conners inattention scale (0 - 27) | 1259 | 1.01 (0.98 - 1.03) | 0.664 | ||
| Age 14 Physical sports (hours/week) | 1147 | 0.98 (0.95 - 1.01) | 0.175 | ||
| Age 14 Computer games (hours/week) | 1086 | 1.02 (1.00 - 1.04) | 0.015* | 1.06 (1.02 - 1.10) | 0.003* |
| Age 14 Watching TV (hours/week) | 1126 | 1.00 (0.99 - 1.02) | 0.749 | ||
| Age 14 Outside with friends (hours/week) | 1049 | 1.00 (0.97 - 1.02) | 0.824 | ||
| Age 14 Reading (hours/week) | 1060 | 1.01 (0.99 -1.04) | 0.206 | ||
| Age 14 Reading (increasing rating of enjoyment 1 - 6) | 1206 | 1.14 (1.04 - 1.26) | 0.006* | 1.21 (0.97 - 1.51) | 0.091† |
| Age 14 English teacher assessment (scale 1-8) | 1039 | 1.08 (0.92 - 1.26) | 0.342 | ||
| Age 14 Maths teacher assessment (scale 1-8) | 1047 | 1.10 (0.95 - 1.26) | 0.196 | ||
| Age 14 Science teacher assessment NC (scale 1-8) | 1040 | 1.07 (0.91 - 1.25) | 0.422 | ||
| Age 14 Cognitive ability (g) (standardised scale) | 882 | 1.16 (0.97 - 1.38) | 0.097† | ||
| Age 14 Ravens web test (non-verbal) (standardised scale) | 895 | 1.02 (0.97 - 1.06) | 0.448 | ||
| Age 14 Vocabulary web test (scale 0 - 53) | 1055 | 1.04 (1.01 - 1.07) | 0.023* | 1.02 (0.95 - 1.08) | 0.619 |
| Age 16 Household income category (0 - 12, both parents) | 1040 | 1.04 (0.97 - 1.10) | 0.269 | ||
| Age 16 Father highest qualification level (scale 1-8) | 1133 | 1.02 (0.99 - 1.04) | 0.273 | ||
| Age 16 Father socioeconomic level (scale 1-9) | 1011 | 1.06 (0.99 - 1.14) | 0.090† | ||
| Age 16 Mother highest qualification level (scale 1-8) | 1220 | 1.10(1.02 - 1.18) | 0.012* | 0.80 (0.63 - 1.01) | 0.058† |
| Age 16 Mother socioeconomic level (scale 1-9) | 1050 | 1.07 (0.99 - 1.16) | 0.071† | ||
| Age 16 No. of GCSEs passes at grades A* to C | 1747 | 1.05 (1.00 -1.10) | 0.045* | collinearity | |
| Age 16 Total point score for GCSEs | 1747 | 1.01 (1.00 - 1.01) | 0.002* | 1.01 (0.99 - 1.02) | 0.427 |
| Age 16 Cognitive ability (g) (standardised scale) | 1067 | 1.30 (1.12 - 1.49) | <0.001* | 1.23 (0.92 - 1.64) | 0.155 |
| Age 16 Ravens web test (non-verbal, scale 0-30) | 1094 | 1.04 (1.01 - 1.08) | 0.018* | collinearity | |
| Age 16 Mill Hill vocabulary web test (scale 0 -33) | 1155 | 1.06 (1.03 -1.10) | <0.001* | collinearity | |
| Age 16 Height (centimetres) | 980 | 0.98 (0.96 - 0.99) | 0.010* | 0.97 (0.94 - 1.01) | 0.176 |
| Age 16 Weight (kilograms) | 980 | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.01) | 0.275 | ||
1
Adjusted for family relatedness
2
Adjusted for age at refraction, sex, family relatedness, significant factors in univariable analyses & factors significant in adjusted analyses at any earlier life stages.
Significance thresholds: * = p-value <0.05, † = p-value <0.10. Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, GCSEs = General Certificate of Secondary Education (secondary school exams taken at the age of 16 in the UK). Highly correlated variables not included in multivariable model as collinearity exclusion.