Fig. 2.

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of Actinidia genus plants. a Shown at top is the leaf extract collected with hexane, and below are the three synthetic standards of the parasitoid pheromones for Leptopilina boulardi wasps, each odor of which has been shown to be aversive in several Drosophila species within the subgenus Sophophora, including D. suzukii adults and larvae (Ebrahim et al. 2015). In total we examined 4 species of Actinidia, including leaves and flowers from both male and female plants. Each tested sample contained potentially bioactive compounds, although those from A. polygama consistently contained the largest amounts. b Mass spectra for each of the three plant odors of interest and the three synthetic parasitoid compounds, where retention time and mass-spectral signature are nearly identical for all three odorants