Table 3.

Factors Associated with US Oral Health Students' Willingness to Administer the HPV Vaccine in 2016– Unadjusted and Adjusted Multivariable Logistic Regression Models (N = 306).^a, ^b

Variable	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	Odds ratio	(95% CI)	Odds ratio	(95% CI)
Sociodemographics
Gender
Male	Reference
Female	1.22	(0.70–2.13)
Age
18–29 years old	Reference
30 years and above	1.32	(0.71–2.43)
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/Latino	Reference
Hispanic/Latino	1.16	(0.50–2.69)
Race
White	Reference
Other race	0.78	(0.44–1.36)
Type of oral health program
Dental-3rd year	Reference
Dental-4th year	1.44	(0.82–2.55)
Dental hygiene	1.39	(0.78–2.47)
Prior degree earned
No prior degree	Reference
Associate or bachelor's degree	0.99	(0.34–2.88)
Master's degree or doctorate degree	2.54	(0.57–11.30)
Number of patient visits per week
0–10	Reference		Reference
11–20	1.21	(0.52–2.84)	1.09	(0.44–2.71)
21+	4.40	(1.16–16.75)	4.47	(1.14–17.58)
State of program
Arizona	Reference
California	0.79	(0.39–1.61)
Colorado	0.62	(0.26–1.47)
Idaho	0.37	(0.09–1.50)
Nevada	0.49	(0.20–1.23)
Tennessee	2.95	(0.61–14.28)
Texas	0.56	(0.26–1.21)
Utah	0.78	(0.34–1.81)
Top 5 sources of HPV vaccine information reported
Dental curriculum
Yes	Reference
No	0.96	(0.57–1.62)
Internet
Yes	Reference
No	0.86	(0.52–1.43)
Non-oral health colleague (e.g., medical doctor, nurse practitioner)
Yes	Reference
No	0.64	(0.35–1.18)
Family/friend
Yes	Reference
No	1.05	(0.59–1.87)
Professional journal/publication (e.g., oral health journal)
Yes	Reference
No	0.53	(0.26–1.10)
HPV vaccine knowledge
HPV vaccine knowledge
Below median	Reference
Above median	1.03	(0.97–1.09)
HPV can cause oropharyngeal cancer
True	Reference
False/Don't know/Missing	0.89	(0.33–2.35)
HPV vaccines can protect men and women against HPV related oropharyngeal cancer
True	Reference
False/Don't know/Missing	1.13	(0.65–1.97)
Barriers to discussing HPV
I do not have enough information about the HPV vaccines
Did not agree	Reference		Reference
Agree	0.54	(0.33–0.90)	0.69	(0.39–1.25)
I am concerned with the safety of the HPV vaccines
Did not agree	Reference
Agree	0.54	(0.26–1.10)
Liability reasons
Did not agree	Reference
Agree	0.67	(0.41–1.09)
I do not believe it is my role as an oral health professional to recommend the HPV vaccines to my patients
Did not agree	Reference		Reference
Agree	0.46	(0.27–0.79)	1.04	(0.51–2.11)
There are no established professional policies/guidelines pertaining to recommendation of the HPV vaccines
Did not agree	Reference
Agree	0.93	(0.58–1.50)
There is not enough time to discuss this during appointments
Did not agree	Reference		Reference
Agree	0.51	(0.31–0.85)	0.58	(0.33–1.02)
I am not comfortable discussing sexual history/topics with patients
Did not agree	Reference		Reference
Agree	0.45	(0.28–0.74)	0.66	(0.35–1.22)
Politics play a role in discussing HPV and the HPV vaccines in the dental office
Did not agree	Reference
Agree	1.04	(0.64–1.70)
Social and cultural norms play a role in discussing HPV and the HPV vaccines in the dental office
Did not agree	Reference
Agree	0.80	(0.46–1.40)
A patient's religious ideology plays a role in discussing HPV and the HPV vaccines in the dental office
Did not agree	Reference
Agree	1.07	(0.65–1.76)
Communication about HPV
Do not discuss HPV in the clinic setting and/or have no plans to start
Have discussed	Reference		Reference
Have not discussed/No plans to start	0.38	(0.21–0.70)	0.55	(0.27–1.13)
Scope of practice
Discussing the link between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer falls within the scope and role of a dental professional.
Did not agree	Reference
Agreed	1.00	(0.53–1.89)
Recommending HPV vaccination falls within the scope and role of a dental professional.
Did not agree	Reference		Reference
Agreed	2.14	(1.32–3.46)	1.39	(0.79–2.44)
Administering the HPV vaccines inside the dental office falls within the scope and role of a dental professional.
Did not agree	Reference		Reference
Agreed	6.02	(2.47–14.71)	5.9	(2.27–15.3)

^aSignificance was set at the p < 0.05 level.

^bSignificant variables identified in the unadjusted models were entered into the multivariable models.