Table-3.

Effect of yeast cell wall supplementation on energy metabolites of dairy cows in different LPs.

Variables	Sampling time	Treatments (Mean±SE)				p-value
		Control		YCW
		Early lactation	Mid lactation	Early lactation	Mid lactation	TM†	LP††	TM*LP
BG (mg/dL)	Before	64.00±1.47	61.56±1.10	61.25±1.65	63.57±1.16	0.840	0.984	0.083
	After	64.90±1.02	63.39±0.76	65.38±1.13	64.81±0.80	0.323	0.282	0.619
T-Cho (mg/dL)	Before	166.20±14.05	189.11±10.47	137.00±15.70	161.88±11.11	0.041	0.080	0.941
	After	212.20±18.62	212.83±13.88	165.25±20.82	166.12±14.72	0.013	0.966	0.994
NEFA (mg/dL)	Before	0.134±0.02	0.092±0.01	0.133±0.02	0.095±0.02	0.971	0.032	0.903
	After	0.083±0.004	0.082±0.003	0.079±0.004	0.080±0.003	0.425	0.991	0.726
NEFA/T-Cho	Before	0.031±0.004	0.019±0.003	0.036±0.005	0.024±0.003	0.228	0.006	0.886
	After	0.016±0.002	0.016±0.002	0.019±0.002	0.020±0.002	0.080	0.848	0.752
TK (mmol/L)	Before	502.60±53.68	492.22±40.01	483.50±60.02	518.88±42.44	0.940	0.804	0.650
	After	605.60±59.34	691.00±44.23	624.88±66.34	645.88±46.91	0.816	0.344	0.564
ACAC (mmol/L)	Before	8.60±3.63	9.67±2.71	9.25±4.06	6.88±2.87	0.753	0.848	0.614
	After	15.90±3.33	14.28±2.48	16.25±3.73	12.31±2.64	0.796	0.378	0.711
BHB (mmol/L)	Before	494.00±51.05	482.56±38.05	474.25±57.08	512.00±40.36	0.919	0.783	0.608
	After	589.70±56.57	676.72±42.17	608.62±63.25	633.56±44.73	0.819	0.297	0.560

BG=Blood glucose, T-Chol=Total cholesterol, NEFA=Non-esterified fatty acid, TK=Total ketone, ACAC=Acetoacetate, BHB=Beta-hydroxybutyrate, YCW=Yeast cell wall, SE=Standard error,

^†p value for treatment (TM) groups (control vs. YCW),

^††p value for lactation period (LP) (early lactation vs. mid lactation)