Table 2.
Determinants of hyperglycaemia among Bangladeshi adults, 2015 (n=1819)
| Characteristic | Total (n=1819) | Urban (n=708) | Rural (n=1111) | |||
| Diabetes* Prevalence % | Adjusted PR† (95% CI) |
Diabetes* Prevalence % | Adjusted PR† (95% CI) | Diabetes* Prevalence % | Adjusted PR† (95% CI) | |
| Area | ||||||
| Urban | 9.8 | Ref. | - | - | - | - |
| Rural | 2.8 | 0.44 (0.28 to 0.68) | - | - | - | - |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 4.9 | Ref. | 7.5 | Ref. | 3.3 | Ref. |
| Female | 5.9 | 1.05 (0.71 to 1.54) | 11.9 | 1.26 (0.80 to 1.99) | 2.2 | 0.61 (0.29 to 1.28) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 2.5 | Ref. | 2.5 | Ref. | 2.5 | Ref. |
| 30–44 | 4.9 | 1.48 (0.78 to 2.79) | 8.4 | 2.55 (1.01 to 6.41) | 2.5 | 0.76 (0.30 to 1.93) |
| 45–54 | 7.4 | 2.18 (1.10 to 4.31) | 15.5 | 4.38 (1.62 to 11.59) | 2.8 | 0.67 (0.25 to 1.83) |
| ≥55 | 8.8 | 1.92 (0.95 to 3.86) | 19.3 | 3.92 (1.48 to 10.39) | 3.4 | 0.53 (0.17 to 1.67) |
| Educational status | ||||||
| No education | 3.4 | Ref. | 7.0 | Ref. | 2.1 | Ref. |
| Primary education | 3.7 | 1.00 (0.53 to 1.86) | 7.6 | 1.00 (0.44 to 2.30) | 2.1 | 0.84 (0.30 to 2.30) |
| Secondary education | 6.9 | 1.67 (0.95 to 2.93) | 12.1 | 1.94 (0.95 to 3.97) | 2.9 | 1.01 (0.40 to 2.54) |
| Above secondary education | 9.8 | 1.48 (0.77 to 2.84) | 10.4 | 1.54 (0.71 to 3.33) | 8.1 | 2.24 (0.68 to 7.41) |
| Wealth Index‡ | ||||||
| 1st wealth quartile | 7.7 | 2.58 (1.57 to 4.24) | 18.9 | 3.18 (1.80 to 5.62) | 3.6 | 1.37 (0.53 to 3.49) |
| 2nd wealth quartile | 4.3 | 1.23 (0.71 to 2.14) | 9.4 | 1.50 (0.82 to 2.77) | 1.9 | 0.70 (0.24 to 2.05) |
| 3rd wealth quartile | 3.7 | 0.86 (0.47 to 1.58) | 6.0 | 0.96 (0.48 to 1.92) | 2.0 | 0.55 (0.18 to 1.73) |
| 4th wealth quartile | 6.6 | Ref. | 8.8 | Ref. | 3.9 | Ref. |
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| Normal blood pressure | 1.9 | Ref. | 3.5 | Ref. | 1.1 | Ref. |
| Prehypertension§ | 5.7 | 1.74 (1.00 to 3.01) | 8.3 | 1.37 (0.69 to 2.74) | 3.8 | 2.32 (0.91 to 5.92) |
| Hypertension¶ | 18.9 | 3.57 (2.01 to 6.34) | 27.4 | 2.65 (1.30 to 5.38) | 8.8 | 5.39 (1.94 to 14.96) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Vigorous | 3.9 | Ref. | 6.9 | Ref. | 2.3 | Ref. |
| Moderate | 8.2 | 1.18 (0.78 to 1.77) | 13.8 | 1.22 (0.77 to 1.93) | 2.1 | 0.65 (0.22 to 1.88) |
| Low | 14.9 | 3.04 (1.69 to 5.47) | 20.7 | 3.01 (1.42 to 6.38) | 12.1 | 2.58 (0.95 to 7.04) |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2)** | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.1 | 0.37 (0.12 to 1.13) | 1.8 | 0.38 (0.07 to 1.95) | 0.7 | 0.42 (0.09 to 2.02) |
| Normal (18.5–25) | 4.7 | Ref. | 8.2 | Ref. | 2.8 | Ref. |
| Overweight (25.1–30) | 10.4 | 1.06 (0.68 to 1.65) | 14.0 | 1.05 (0.61 to 1.80) | 6.2 | 1.22 (0.51 to 2.91) |
| Obese (>30) | 20.9 | 1.49 (0.87 to 2.57) | 26.5 | 1.46 (0.81 to 2.64) | 5.6 | 0.95 (0.12 to 7.60) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||
| Normal†† | 2.3 | Ref. | 3.8 | Ref. | 1.6 | Ref. |
| Abdominally obese‡ ‡ | 13.3 | 2.49 (1.53 to 4.07) | 18.1 | 2.54 (1.35 to 4.77) | 6.8 | 2.95 (1.32 to 6.58) |
*Hyperglycaemia was defined as a capillary blood glucose level greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L or self-reported diabetes medication use.
†Model adjusted for all variables included in table: sex, age, education, wealth index, blood pressure, body mass index, self-reported physical activity and waist circumference.
‡Wealth index was calculated using principal component analysis using data collected on household ownership of the following items: electricity, flushable toilet, land phone, cell phone, television, radio, refrigerator, private car, motor cycle, washing machine, bicycle, sewing machine, almirah/wardrobe, table, bed, chair/bench, watch/clock, as well as, type of main material used to build their homes roof, walls and floor.
§Prehypertension was defined as SBP ≥120 mm Hg but <140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥80 mm Hg but <90 mm Hg and not taking antihypertensive medication at the time of the survey.
¶Hypertension was defined as SBP was ≥140 mm Hg (millimetres of mercury) and/or, DBP ≥90 mm Hg and/or taking antihypertensive medication.
**BMI calculated by weight in kilogram divided by height in metre squared.
††Defined as <90 cm M; <80 cm F.
‡‡Defined as ≥90 cm M; ≥80 cm F.
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PR, prevalence ratio; Ref, referent category; SBP, systolic blood pressure.