Table 1. Antipsychotic Treatment of Youths in the Year Following a New ADHD Diagnosisa.
| Groupsb | No. (%) | Antipsychotic Treatment, % (95% CI) (n = 4342) | aOR (95% CI)c |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 187 563 | 2.6 (2.5-2.7) | NA |
| Age, y | |||
| 3-5 | 10 125 (54.0) | 4.3 (3.9-4.7) | 2.2 (1.9-2.4) |
| 6-12 | 72 126 (38.5) | 2.0 (1.9-2.1) | 1.0 |
| 13-18 | 58 166 (31.0) | 3.2 (3.0-3.3) | 1.6 (1.5-1.7) |
| 19-24 | 47 146 (25.1) | 2.4 (2.3-2.6) | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 114 305 (60.9) | 2.7 (2.6-2.8) | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) |
| Female | 73 258 (39.1) | 2.5 (2.4-2.6) | 1 [Reference] |
| Comorbid MH conditiond | |||
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 3269 (1.7) | 10.1 (9.1-11.1) | 4.4 (3.9-4.9) |
| Conduct disorder | 5113 (2.7) | 6.5 (5.8-7.2) | 2.7 (2.4-3.0) |
| Anxiety disorder | 17 261 (9.2) | 5.8 (5.5-6.2) | 2.7 (2.5-2.9) |
| Self-harm and/or suicidal ideation | 454 (0.2) | 17.4 (13.9-20.9) | 7.5 (5.9-9.6) |
| Depression disorders | 12 573 (6.7) | 8.0 (7.6-8.5) | 4.0 (3.7-4.3) |
| Substance use disorder | 3851 (2.1) | 9.1 (8.2-10.0) | 4.0 (3.6-4.5) |
| Developmental disability | 210 (0.01) | 8.6 (4.8-12.4) | 3.6 (2.2-5.8) |
| MH conditions, No. | |||
| 0 | 152 625 (81.4) | 1.7 (1.7-1.8) | 1 [Reference] |
| 1 | 28 174 (15.0) | 5.3 (5.1-5.6) | 3.2 (3.0-3.4) |
| 2 | 5876 (3.1) | 9.7 (8.9-10.4) | 6.1 (5.5-6.7) |
| ≥3 | 888 (0.5) | 17.1 (14.6-19.6) | 11.5 (9.6-13.8) |
| MH treatment | |||
| Inpatient care | 1016 (0.5) | 17.6 (15.3-20.0) | 7.9 (6.7-9.3) |
| Treated by psychiatrist | 25 866 (13.8) | 5.9 (5.6-6.2) | 2.9 (2.8-3.1) |
| Antidepressants | 19 296 (10.3) | 7.4 (7.0-7.7) | 4.1 (3.8-4.4) |
| Mood stabilizers | 3391 (1.8) | 9.6 (8.6-10.5) | 4.2 (3.7-4.7) |
| Hypnotics | 5408 (2.9) | 7.0 (6.4-7.7) | 3.2 (2.8-3.6) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; MH, mental health; NA, not applicable.
a
2010-2015, MarketScan Data.
b
Characteristics present within 180 days before a new ADHD diagnosis.
c
The aOR is adjusted by age and sex.
d
Groups are not exclusive.