. 2019 Jul 26;2(7):e197871. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7871

Table 1. PICOS Criteria for Trial Selection.

Criterion	Pregnancy, All Trimesters	Exclusive Breastfeeding Period, 0-6 mo	Complementary Feeding Period, 6-24 mo
Population	Pregnant women living in LMICs	Newborn infants aged 0-6 mo living in LMICs	Children aged 6-24 mo living in LMICs
Interventions	Micronutrient and calcium supplementation to mother Balanced energy protein (ie, food) supplementation to mother Deworming Maternal education Any WASH intervention	Micronutrient and calcium supplementation to mother or to infant Balanced energy protein supplementation to mother Food supplementation or fortification to infant Deworming Maternal and breastfeeding education/support Any WASH intervention Kangaroo care^a	Micronutrient and calcium supplementation to children Food supplementation to children Deworming Maternal education/support Any WASH intervention
Comparisons	Placebo Standard of care (if applicable) No intervention Any of the interventions listed above as monotherapy or in combination that can be used for indirect comparison
Outcomes	At least 1 of the following 3 outcomes: Preterm birth (<37 gestational wk) Low birth weight (<2500 g)^a Birth weight (continuous)	At least 1 of the following 4 outcomes: LAZ z score Proportion of stunted (LAZ less than −2 SDs)^a Height/length^a Head circumference^a	At least 1 of the following 2 outcomes: HAZ z score Proportion of stunted (HAZ less than −2 SDs)^a
Study design	Randomized clinical trial

Abbreviations: HAZ, height for age; LAZ, length for age; LMICs, low-income and middle-income countries; PICOS, population, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design; WASH, water, sanitation, and hygiene.

^{^a}

The details on the analyses and results of kangaroo care and other interventions’ magnitude of associations with low birth weight, stunting, height/length, and head circumference will be published elsewhere. To maintain external validity and prevent inflation of findings, trials representing subpopulations, such as infants born to HIV-positive mothers and infants born preterm, with low birth weight, with severe acute malnutrition, or with preexisting health conditions, were excluded for all 3 life-period analyses.