Table 1. Cross-tabulation of Kessler 10-Item Psychological Distress Scale Data Across Potential Markers of Confounding and Green Space Variables.
| Variable | 10-Item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | Incidence | |||||
| Value | χ2 Value | P Value | Value | χ2 Value | P Value | |
| Total No. (% affirmative responses) | 37 775 (5.1) | NA | NA | 32 991 (3.3) | NA | NA |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 38.58 | <.001 | 18.27 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 17 629 | 15 602 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.38 (4.09-4.69) | 2.82 (2.57-3.09) | ||||
| Female | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 20 146 | 17 389 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.79 (5.48-6.12) | 3.66 (3.39-3.95) | ||||
| Age group, y | ||||||
| 45-54 | 215.87 | <.001 | 41.98 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 12 821 | 11 411 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 7.17 (6.73-7.63) | 4.07 (3.72-4.44) | ||||
| 55-64 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 13 686 | 12 252 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.99 (4.64-5.37) | 2.74 (2.47-3.05) | ||||
| 65-74 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 7228 | 6211 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 2.95 (2.58-3.36) | 2.66 (2.28-3.09) | ||||
| ≥75 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 4040 | 3117 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 3.07 (2.58-3.65) | 3.56 (2.96-4.27) | ||||
| Annual household income, AUD$a | ||||||
| 0-19 999 | 319.40 | <.001 | 84.69 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 4089 | 3082 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 10.49 (9.59-11.47) | 5.22 (4.49-6.07) | ||||
| 20 000-29 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 2510 | 2084 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 6.14 (5.26-7.14) | 4.32 (3.53-5.28) | ||||
| 30 000-39 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 2469 | 2106 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.83 (4.97-6.83) | 3.32 (2.64-4.18) | ||||
| 40 000-49 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 2572 | 2263 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.67 (3.91-5.55) | 3.89 (3.17-4.77) | ||||
| 50 000-69 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 4346 | 3932 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.49 (3.91-5.14) | 3.05 (2.56-3.64) | ||||
| ≥70 000 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 15 072 | 13 891 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 3.68 (3.39-3.99) | 2.41 (2.17-2.68) | ||||
| Not stated | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 6717 | 5633 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.11 (4.60-5.66) | 3.76 (3.30-4.29) | ||||
| Highest educational qualification | ||||||
| None | 166.02 | <.001 | 86.77 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 2103 | 1597 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 9.99 (8.78-11.34) | 6.39 (5.29-7.70) | ||||
| School | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 6218 | 5208 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.92 (5.36-6.53) | 3.88 (3.39-4.44) | ||||
| High school | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 3529 | 3067 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.72 (5.00-6.54) | 3.23 (2.66-3.92) | ||||
| Trade | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 3274 | 2762 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.31 (4.60-6.14) | 3.69 (3.05-4.46) | ||||
| Certificate or diploma | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 8479 | 7519 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.86 (4.42-5.34) | 3.39 (3.01-3.83) | ||||
| University | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 13 843 | 12 586 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 3.92 (3.61-4.26) | 2.42 (2.17-2.71) | ||||
| Not stated | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 329 | 252 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 9.12 (6.45-12.75) | 4.37 (2.43-7.72) | ||||
| Economic status | ||||||
| Employed | 1300.00 | <.001 | 104.59 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 21 686 | 19 669 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.66 (4.38-4.95) | 3.13 (2.90-3.38) | ||||
| Retired | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 13 091 | 11 027 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 3.72 (3.41-4.06) | 2.97 (2.67-3.31) | ||||
| Unemployed | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 507 | 367 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 19.13 (15.94-22.79) | 8.72 (6.23-12.08) | ||||
| Unpaid work | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 509 | 429 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 7.27 (5.31-9.88) | 3.03 (1.77-5.15) | ||||
| Disabled | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 431 | 237 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 38.75 (34.25-43.44) | 11.81 (8.28-16.59) | ||||
| Homemaker | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 1171 | 975 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 8.45 (6.99-10.19) | 4.21 (3.11-5.66) | ||||
| Other (eg, study) | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 380 | 287 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 11.05 (8.27-14.63) | 6.27 (3.98-9.74) | ||||
| Couple status | ||||||
| Not in a couple | 205.97 | <.001 | 21.43 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 7998 | 6572 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 8.28 (7.69-8.90) | 4.17 (3.71-4.68) | ||||
| In a couple | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 29 777 | 26 419 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.29 (4.06-4.52) | 3.04 (2.84-3.25) | ||||
| Total green space, % | ||||||
| 0-4 | 36.07 | <.001 | 23.43 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 586 | 491 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 7.68 (5.78-10.13) | 6.52 (4.64-9.07) | ||||
| 5-9 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 8906 | 7715 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.66 (5.20-6.16) | 3.41 (3.03-3.84) | ||||
| 10-19 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 9983 | 8672 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.34 (4.91-5.80) | 3.42 (3.06-3.83) | ||||
| 20-29 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 10 296 | 8958 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.24 (4.82-5.68) | 3.19 (2.85-3.58) | ||||
| ≥30 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 8004 | 7155 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 3.97 (3.57-4.42) | 2.77 (2.41-3.17) | ||||
| Tree canopy, % | ||||||
| 0-9 | 184.07 | <.001 | 53.32 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 3933 | 3283 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 8.39 (7.56-9.30) | 4.60 (3.93-5.37) | ||||
| 10-19 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 14 403 | 12 400 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.97 (5.60-6.37) | 3.78 (3.46-4.13) | ||||
| 20-29 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 9610 | 8450 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.41 (4.02-4.84) | 2.85 (2.52-3.23) | ||||
| ≥30 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 9829 | 8858 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 3.31 (2.97-3.68) | 2.43 (2.13-2.77) | ||||
| Grass, % | ||||||
| 0-4 | 103.69 | <.001 | 28.62 | <.001 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 4671 | 4177 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 3.75 (3.24-4.33) | 2.99 (2.52-3.55) | ||||
| 5-9 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 15 792 | 13 950 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 4.26 (3.95-4.58) | 2.77 (2.51-3.06) | ||||
| 10-19 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 9647 | 8352 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.97 (5.52-6.46) | 3.60 (3.22-4.03) | ||||
| 20-29 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 6039 | 5141 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 6.41 (5.82-7.05) | 4.18 (3.67-4.76) | ||||
| ≥30 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 1626 | 1371 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 7.93 (6.72-9.35) | 3.50 (2.65-4.62) | ||||
| Low-lying vegetation, % | ||||||
| 0-4 | 0.44 | .81 | 3.65 | .16 | ||
| Subtotal, No. | 24 188 | 21 127 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.08 (4.81-5.36) | 3.12 (2.90-3.37) | ||||
| 5-9 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 12 326 | 10 753 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.23 (4.85-5.64) | 3.49 (3.16-3.85) | ||||
| ≥10 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 1261 | 1111 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 5.23 (4.13-6.61) | 3.69 (2.73-4.97) | ||||
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
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