Table 2. Self-reported Physician-Diagnosed Depression or Anxiety Data Across Potential Markers of Confounding and Green Space Variables.
| Variable | Self-reported Physician-Diagnosed Depression or Anxiety | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | Incidence | |||||
| Value | χ2 Value | P Value | Value | χ2 Value | P Value | |
| Total No. (% affirmative responses) | 46 786 (16.0) | NA | NA | 39 277 (7.5) | NA | NA |
| Sex | 626.40 | <.001 | 124.52 | <.001 | ||
| Male | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 21 633 | 19 150 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 11.45 (11.04-11.89) | 5.95 (5.62-6.29) | ||||
| Female | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 25 153 | 20 127 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 19.97 (19.48-20.47) | 8.91 (8.52-9.31) | ||||
| Age group, y | 292.22 | <.001 | 99.60 | <.001 | ||
| 45-54 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 15 443 | 12 526 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 18.88 (18.27-19.51) | 9.31 (8.81-9.83) | ||||
| 55-64 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 16 604 | 13 807 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.83 (16.27-17.41) | 7.05 (6.64-7.49) | ||||
| 65-74 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 9178 | 7952 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 13.34 (12.66-14.05) | 5.97 (5.47-6.52) | ||||
| ≥75 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 5561 | 4992 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 10.18 (9.41-11.00) | 6.35 (5.71-7.06) | ||||
| Annual household income, AUD$a | 115.29 | <.001 | 50.29 | <.001 | ||
| 0-19 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 5573 | 4438 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 20.31 (19.28-21.39) | 8.09 (7.32-8.93) | ||||
| 20 000-29 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 3261 | 2703 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 17.11 (15.86-18.44) | 7.40 (6.47-8.45) | ||||
| 30 000-39 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 3114 | 2576 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 17.21 (15.93-18.58) | 7.26 (6.32-8.33) | ||||
| 40 000-49 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 3190 | 2678 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.05 (14.82-17.37) | 6.68 (5.80-7.69) | ||||
| 50 000-69 999 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 5347 | 4468 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.44 (15.47-17.46) | 7.92 (7.17-8.75) | ||||
| ≥70 000 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 17 611 | 14 975 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 14.96 (14.44-15.50) | 6.56 (6.17-6.97) | ||||
| Not stated | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 8690 | 7439 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 14.37 (13.65-15.13) | 9.02 (8.39-9.69) | ||||
| Highest educational qualification | 69.92 | <.001 | 54.75 | <.001 | ||
| None | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 2927 | 2372 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 18.89 (17.52-20.35) | 10.46 (9.29-11.75) | ||||
| School | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 8054 | 6731 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.41 (15.62-17.24) | 8.28 (7.64-8.96) | ||||
| High school | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 4419 | 3729 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.59 (14.55-16.69) | 7.05 (6.27-7.92) | ||||
| Trade | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 4170 | 3654 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 12.33 (11.36-13.36) | 7.01 (6.22-7.88) | ||||
| Certificate or diploma | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 10 366 | 8605 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.98 (16.27-17.71) | 7.69 (7.15-8.28) | ||||
| University | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 16 398 | 13 811 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.77 (15.22-16.34) | 6.62 (6.22-7.04) | ||||
| Not stated | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 452 | 375 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 17.04 (13.84-20.79) | 8.53 (6.10-11.82) | ||||
| Economic status | 575.25 | <.001 | 78.15 | <.001 | ||
| Employed | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 26 040 | 21 936 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.75 (15.32-16.20) | 7.47 (7.13-7.82) | ||||
| Retired | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 16 762 | 14 350 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 14.36 (13.84-14.90) | 6.80 (6.40-7.23) | ||||
| Unemployed | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 645 | 470 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 27.13 (23.84-30.70) | 11.70 (9.09-14.94) | ||||
| Unpaid work | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 663 | 536 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 19.16 (16.33-22.33) | 10.07 (7.80-12.93) | ||||
| Disabled | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 566 | 288 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 48.94 (44.83-53.06) | 17.36 (13.40-22.19) | ||||
| Homemaker | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 1541 | 1242 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 19.40 (17.50-21.45) | 8.86 (7.40-10.57) | ||||
| Other (eg, study) | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 569 | 455 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 20.04 (16.94-23.53) | 10.77 (8.23-13.97) | ||||
| Couple status | 383.95 | <.001 | 26.98 | <.001 | ||
| Not in a couple | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 10 236 | 7948 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 22.31 (21.52-23.13) | 8.83 (8.23-9.48) | ||||
| In a couple | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 36 550 | 31 329 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 14.27 (13.92-14.64) | 7.12 (6.84-7.41) | ||||
| Total green space, % | 12.80 | .012 | 13.47 | .009 | ||
| 0-4 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 741 | 604 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 18.49 (15.85-21.45) | 6.29 (4.61-8.53) | ||||
| 5-9 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 11 056 | 9203 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.75 (16.07-17.46) | 7.87 (7.33-8.43) | ||||
| 10-19 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 12 455 | 10 508 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.59 (14.97-16.24) | 7.27 (6.79-7.78) | ||||
| 20-29 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 12 712 | 10 651 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.21 (15.57-16.86) | 7.93 (7.44-8.46) | ||||
| ≥30 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 9822 | 8311 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.37 (14.67-16.10) | 6.75 (6.23-7.31) | ||||
| Tree canopy, % | 49.24 | <.001 | 39.25 | <.001 | ||
| 0-9 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 4972 | 4104 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 17.42 (16.39-18.50) | 8.77 (7.94-9.68) | ||||
| 10-19 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 18 041 | 14 951 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 17.11 (16.57-17.67) | 8.17 (7.74-8.62) | ||||
| 20-29 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 11 816 | 9988 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.45 (14.81-16.12) | 6.70 (6.22-7.21) | ||||
| ≥30 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 11 957 | 10 234 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 14.40 (13.78-15.04) | 6.65 (6.19-7.15) | ||||
| Grass, % | 39.30 | <.001 | 29.19 | <.001 | ||
| 0-4 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 5706 | 4787 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.09 (15.16-17.06) | 7.06 (6.37-7.82) | ||||
| 5-9 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 19 359 | 16 433 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.10 (14.60-15.61) | 6.80 (6.42-7.19) | ||||
| 10-19 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 12 072 | 10 134 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.04 (15.39-16.70) | 7.85 (7.35-8.39) | ||||
| 20-29 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 7611 | 6273 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 17.55 (16.72-18.42) | 8.48 (7.82-9.20) | ||||
| ≥30 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 2038 | 1650 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 19.04 (17.39-20.80) | 9.03 (7.74-10.51) | ||||
| Low-lying vegetation, % | 2.05 | .36 | 1.86 | .40 | ||
| 0-4 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 29 840 | 25 097 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.88 (15.47-16.30) | 7.33 (7.02-7.66) | ||||
| 5-9 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 15 366 | 12 847 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 16.37 (15.80-16.97) | 7.68 (7.23-8.16) | ||||
| ≥10 | ||||||
| Subtotal, No. | 1580 | 1333 | ||||
| Affirmative responses, % (95% CI) | 15.63 (13.92-17.51) | 7.88 (6.55-9.45) | ||||
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
To convert AUD to USD, divide by 1.44.