Table 1.

Study population characteristics and hormonal concentrations

Variable	Primary study: serum versus dried urinec			Secondary studiesd
	All	Premenopausal	Postmenopausal	All	Female	Male
Age (mean ± SD)	50.1 ± 19.2	24.8 ± 5.6	62.8 ± 3.9	36.8 ± 14.5	33.7 ± 7.8	37.8 ± 18
Group size	N = 12	N = 4	N = 8	N = 26	N = 15	N = 11
Race	11 Caucasian 1 Hispanic	3 Caucasian 1 Hispanic	Caucasian	Caucasian	Caucasian	Caucasian
Serum Estradiol (pg/ml)	15.38 (7.84, 91.90)	129.21 (103.00, 147.53)	9.37 (6.69, 15.38)a	N/A	N/A	N/A
Urinary Estradiol (ng/mg-Cr)	0.39 (0.11, 1.87)	3.02 (2.19, 3.72)	0.18 (0.04, 0.39)b	1.68 (0.92, 3.81)	3.34 (0.85, 4.92) b	1.22 (0.92, 1.64)
Urinary Estrone (ng/mg-Cr)	7.5 (2.7, 13.4)	17.0 (14.5, 17.7)	3.8 (1.7, 7.5)a	14.4 (7.1, 18.8)	18.6 (6.7, 25.4)	9.2 (7.1, 14.4)
Serum Progesterone (ng/ml)	0.24 (0.08, 1.57)	2.79 (1.54, 5.15)	0.12 (0.07, 0.54)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Urinary αPg (ng/mg-Cr)	21.3 (13.5, 49.5)	77.1 (53.1, 142.5)	14.1 (12.8, 26.1)	60.9 (29.7, 242.0)	133.3 (18.8, 329.5)	51.4 (29.7, 93.1)
Urinary βPg (ng/mg-Cr)	97.9 (58.5, 174.0)	282.6 (197.9, 445.3)	80.0 (41.3, 97.9)	204.3 (113.5, 466.6)	205.8 (113.5, 1733.1)	197.8 (80.3, 354.4)

Hormone data presented as median (IQR). Urine values are from the dried urine assay

Cr, creatinine; αPg, 5α-pregnanediol; βPg: 5β-pregnanediol

^ap < 0.01

^bp < 0.05 for differences between groups (pre- versus post-menopausal women or males versus females), as assessed with mixed models for the primary study and Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests for the secondary studies

^cAll calculations of hormonal measures account for repeated measures within the premenopausal individuals using mixed models

^dOf the 26 individuals (15 females, 11 males) who participated in the comparison of the 4-spot versus 24-h urine assays, 18 individuals (10 females, 8 males) were used to assess comparability of dried versus liquid urine samples