Table 7.
Relationship between knowledge of health effects (KHR index as well as specific knowledge about several health risks) and label impact index (LII)
| Variable |
Germany |
Greece |
Spain |
Romania |
Hungary |
Poland |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI)a | ||||||
| KHR Index | 0.33*** | 0. 15** | 0.29*** | 0.30*** | 0.30*** | 0.14 |
| (0.18, 0.49) | (0.04, 0.25) | (0.16, 0.42) | (0.20, 0.40) | (0.13, 0.46) | (-0.03, 0.30) | |
| Health Effect | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |||||
| Active smoking | ||||||
| Heart disease | 1.10*** | 1.02 | 1.16*** | 1.16*** | 1.05* | 0.99 |
| (1.04, 1.15) | (0.96, 1.09) | (1.07, 1.26) | (1.08, 1.23) | (1.01, 1.11) | (0.93, 1.07) | |
| Impotence | 1.08** | 1.05* | 1.08** | 1.07*** | 1.06** | 1.06** |
| (1.03, 1.12) | (1.01, 1.09) | (1.02, 1.14) | (1.04, 1.10) | (1.02, 1.10) | (1.01, 1.11) | |
| Lung cancer | 1.10* | 1.21* | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (1.01, 1.18) | (1.03, 1.41) | (0.97, 1.18) | (1.00, 1.17) | (0.92, 1.05) | (0.93, 1.05) | |
| Blindness | 1.09*** | 1.02 | 1.07*** | 1.07*** | 1.07** | 1.08*** |
| (1.04, 1.14) | (0.99, 1.06) | (1.04, 1.12) | (1.04, 1.11) | (1.02, 1.11) | (1.05, 1.11) | |
| Mouth cancer | 1.08* | 1.05 | 1.14** | 1.10*** | 1.02 | 1.02 |
| (1.02, 1.14) | (1.00, 1.11) | (1.06, 1.23) | (1.05, 1.16) | (0.98, 1.07) | (0.97, 1.08) | |
| Throat cancer | 1.11** | 1.05 | 1.08** | 1.09** | 1.03 | 0.99 |
| (1.05, 1.18) | (1.00, 1.13) | (1.02, 1.14) | (1.03, 1.16) | (0.98, 1.08) | (0.95, 1.05) | |
| Stroke | 1.06* | 1.04 | 1.06** | 1.11*** | 1.05* | 1.02 |
| (1.01, 1.11) | (0.99, 1.09) | (1.01, 1.10) | (1.07, 1.15) | (1.01, 1.09) | (0.97, 1.06) | |
| Emphysema | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.03 | 1.07*** | 1.05* | 1.00 |
| (0.99, 1.09) | (0.91, 1.02) | (0.98, 1.09) | (1.04, 1.11) | (1.01, 1.09) | (0.95, 1.05) | |
| Bronchitis | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 1.11*** | 1.04 | 1.05 |
| (0.97, 1.09) | (0.95, 1.05) | (0.98, 1.19) | (1.06, 1.16) | (0.99, 1.09) | (1.00, 1.10) | |
| Secondhand smoke | ||||||
| Lung cancer | 1.06* | 1.04 | 1.07** | 1.05* | 1.05* | 1.04 |
| (1.02, 1.11) | (0.99 -1.09) | (1.01, 1.12) | (1.01, 1.09) | (1.01, 1.09) | (1.00, 1.09) | |
| Heart attacks | 1.07** | 1.04 | 1.06* | 1.07*** | 1.06** | 1.06** |
| (1.03, 1.12) | (0.99, 1.08) | (1.01,1.11) | (1.04,1.12) | (1.02, 1.10) | (1.01, 1.10) | |
| Asthma in children | 1.08** | 1.05* | 1.07* | 1.10*** | 1.03 | 1.03 |
| (1.03, 1.13) | (1.10, 1.11) | (1.02, 1.13) | (1.06, 1.14) | (0.99, 1.07) | (0.99, 1.08) | |
Missing cases were excluded from the analysis.
a
Linear regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, urbanization degree, income, education level, and cigarettes smoked/day.
b
Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, urbanization degree, income, education level, and cigarettes smoked/day.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001.