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. 2019 Jul 16;9(7):e029184. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029184

Table 3.

Cross-tabulations of included associations according to direction, significance, quality and publication year

Significance Direction Quality Direction
Positive % (n) Negative % (n) Positive % (n) Negative % (n)
Significant 54.9 (56) 8.0 (2) Moderate/high 31.4 (32) 68.0 (17)
Non-significant 45.1 (46) 92.0 (23) Low 68.6 (70) 32.0 (8)
OR=14.00*** (3.130 to 65.53) OR=0.22** (0.08 to 0.55)
χ2 (1, n=127)=17.80, p=0.000, phi=0.37 χ2 (1, n=127)=11.37, p=0.001, phi=−0.30
Quality Publication year Quality Significance
≥Year 2000 % (n) <Year 2000 % (n) Significant % (n) Non-significant % (n)
Moderate/high 47.2 (42) 23.3 (10) Moderate/high 32.8 (20) 44.9 (31)
Low 52.8 (47) 76.7 (33) Low 67.2 (41) 55.1 (38)
OR=2.95** (1.30 to 6.70) OR= 0.60ns (0.29 to 1.22)
χ2 (1, n=132)=6.96, p=0.008, phi=0.23 χ2 (1, n=130)=2.00, p=0.157ns, phi=−0.12

OR, with 95% CI; χ2=chi square test of independence, with phi coefficient.

**P<0.01; ***p<0.001.

ns, non-significant.