Figure 6.

Induction of ER stress‐mediated apoptosis in vivo using a tumor‐bearing mouse model. Changes in a) tumor volume and b) body weight after treatment with HEPES and AIPs (2 mg kg⁻¹). (AIP1, AIP2 and AIP3: n = 6, AIP4: n = 4, tumor volume; S.E., body weight; S.D.) c) Optical images of the excised tumor tissues after all mice were sacrificed on day 23. d) Immunohistochemical assays of the harvested tumor sections for H&E, TUNEL, CHOP, and c.cas‐3: cleaved caspase‐3. All images were taken by an optical microscope (magnification: 400 ×). Immunoblot assays of the harvested tumor tissues for e) ER stress‐related and f) apoptosis‐related proteins. GAPDH was used as a loading control. g) Immunofluorescence of cyto C (green fluorescence) and AIF (green fluorescence) using the excised tumor tissues stained with DAPI (blue fluorescence) and Mitotracker Red (red fluorescence). All images were obtained by CLSM (magnification: 400×). *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001 (compared to control) (t‐test).