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. 2019 Jul 12;8(14):e011994. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.011994

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© 2019 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Immunostaining showed the cell sources of cathepsin S (CatS) in injured arteries. A and B, Representative images of CatS staining that show the positive staining signaling was pronounced in the media and neointima (thin) of injured vessels from wild‐type CatS (CatS^+/+) mice on day 4 after surgery, whereas no signaling was detected in the whole arterial walls of CatS‐deficient (CatS^−/−) mice. C, CatS staining of cross‐sections taken on day 4 after ex vivo cultured aortae of CatS^+/+ mice received stress. D and E, Representative images and quantitative data show the gp91^phox+ staining area. Results are mean±SEM (n=5–7). NS indicates no significance. ***P<0.001 vs nonstressed group by 1‐way ANOVA, followed by Tukey post hoc tests.