Table 2.
Factors Associated With Common CIMT, Presented as Change in Common CIMT in μm Per Increase of the Risk Factors
| Risk Factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Age per y | 6.66 (6.24, 7.07) | <0.001 | 6.79 (6.37, 7.21) | <0.001 | 6.80 (6.37, 7.23) | <0.001 | 6.77 (6.34, 7.19)a | <0.001a |
| Men vs women | 4.89 (−0.31, 10.09) | 0.065 | 10.67 (5.25, 16.08) | <0.001 | 10.62 (5.04, 16.20) | <0.001 | 10.32 (4.75, 15.90)a | <0.001a |
| Current vs never/previous smoking | −3.04 (−9.82, 3.73) | 0.379 | 6.22 (−0.86, 13.29) | 0.085 | 6.44 (−0.65, 13.53) | 0.075 | 6.26 (−0.83, 13.35) | 0.084 |
| SBP per 10 mm Hg | 8.26 (6.98, 9.53) | <0.001 | 7.59 (6.29, 8.89) | <0.001 | 7.62 (6.32, 8.92) | <0.001 | 7.52 (6.21, 8.83)a | <0.001a |
| Glucose per 1 mmol/L | 1.51 (−0.13, 3.16) | 0.072 | 1.01 (−0.60, 2.62) | 0.219 | 0.98 (−0.63, 2.59) | 0.232 | 0.94 (−0.67, 2.56) | 0.252 |
| HDL‐C per 1 mmol/L | −16.93 (−22.57, −11.28) | <0.001 | −11.83 (−17.55, −6.11) | <0.001 | −11.99 (−17.73, −6.25) | <0.001 | −12.15 (−17.88, −6.41)a | <0.001a |
| LDL‐C per 1 mmol/L | 7.85 (4.94, 10.77) | <0.001 | 5.04 (2.08, 7.99) | 0.014 | 5.08 (2.10, 8.07) | 0.001 | 5.08 (2.10, 8.06) a | 0.001a |
| BMI per 10 kg/m2 | ··· | ··· | 18.08 (12.99, 23.16) | <0.001 | 18.21 (13.05, 23.37) | <0.001 | 17.61 (12.46, 22.76)a | <0.001a |
| MVPA in mins/week | ··· | ··· | −5.68 (−12.46, 1.10) | 0.101 | −5.50 (−12.29, 1.29) | 0.112 | −5.58 (−12.37, 1.21) | 0.107 |
| Current vs Never/previous alcohol use | ··· | ··· | −13.47 (−19.05, −7.89) | <0.001 | −13.46 (−19.06, −7.87) | <0.001 | −13.51 (−19.11, −7.91)a | <0.001a |
| Education status | ||||||||
| No formal | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | Ref (value 0) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | −4.19 (−11.46, 3.08) | 0.589 | −4.03 (−11.29, 3.24) | 0.625 |
| Secondary | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | −0.65 (−8.54, 7.24) | −7.77 (−8.66, 7.11) | ||
| Tertiary | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | −3.33 (−18.12, 11.46) | −3.81 (−18.60, 10.98) | ||
| Household SES | ||||||||
| Poorest | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | −0.26 (−8.42, 7.90) | 0.092 | −0.11 (−8.27, 8.04) | 0.096 |
| Poor | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | −2.73 (−10.94, 5.49) | −2.77 (−10.98, 5.44) | ||
| Less poor | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | −7.17 (−15.20, 0.86) | −7.18 (−15.20, 0.85) | ||
| Least poor | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | 1.92 (−6.15, 10.0) | 1.78 (−6.29, 9.85) | ||
| HIV+ vs HIV− | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | −8.86 (−15.70, −2.03)a | 0.011a |
| Variance (R 2) | 0.234 | ··· | 0.242 | ··· | 0. 243 | ··· | 0.244 | ··· |
Multivariable linear regression analyses of association between risk factors and CIMT. Model 1=age, sex, current smoking, SBP, fasting glucose, HDL‐C, LDL‐C and site; Model 2=model 1+BMI, alcohol use, physical activity; Model 3=model 2+education status, SES; and Model 4=model 3+HIV infection. ART indicates antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CIMT, carotid intima‐media thickness; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MVPA, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SES, socioeconomic status.
a
Factors that are associated with CIMT at a P<0.05.