Table 5.
Factors Associated With Common CIMT in Men, Presented as Change in Common CIMT in μm Per Increase of the Risk factor and Stratified by Sites
| Factors | All | Nanoro, BF | Navrongo, GH | Agincourt, SA | Dikgale, SA | Soweto, SA | Nairobi, KE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | β‐Coefficient (95% CI) | |
| Age | 7.08 (6.49, 7.68)a | 8.50 (7.31, 9.69)a | 7.63 (6.12, 9.14)a | 6.11 (4.31, 7.91)a | 6.91 (4.65, 9.17)a | 7.01 (5.76, 8.26)a | 4.82 (3.57, 6.08)a |
| Smokingb | 10.7 (2.93, 18.5)a | 14.2 (−5.78, 34.2) | −3.66 (−21.0, 13.9) | 6.24 (−21.1, 33.6) | 38.3 (2.61, 73.9)a | 0.45 (−14.8, 15.7) | 13.7 (−3.69, 31.0) |
| SBP | 6.03 (4.23, 7.83)a | 3.78 (−0.29, 7.83)a | 4.69 (0.26, 9.11)a | 5.47 (0.41, 10.5)a | 6.07 (−0.44, 12.6)a | 6.63 (2.96, 10.3)a | 10.2 (6.35, 14.1)a |
| Glucose | −0.47 (−2.76, 1.82) | −2.84 (−6.75, 1.07) | −4.23 (−14.5, 6.00) | −2.95 (−7.43, 1.53) | 4.01 (−6.48, 14.5) | 0.04 (−4.21, 4.29) | −2.38 (−7.51, 2.74) |
| HDL‐C | −11.9 (−19.6, −4.38)a | 1.34 (−17.1, 19.8) | −23.8 (−46.5, −1.14)a | −9.19 (−29.3, 10.9) | −12.4 (−36.8, 12.1) | −16.0 (−29.6, −2.40)a | −9.21 (−25.8, 7.41) |
| LDL‐C | 6.05 (1.97, 10.1)a | 9.10 (−0.36, 18.6) | 9.86 (−2.98, 22.7) | 12.0 (−0.53, 24.6) | −1.72 (−17.9, 14.5) | 0.24 (−7.09, 7.57) | 5.91 (−2.29, 14.1) |
| BMI | 38.1 (28.9, 47.3)a | 46.4 (22.7, 70.1)a | 12.1 (−20.8, 44.9) | 45.9 (19.6, 72.3)a | 85.9 (39.2, 132)a | 48.7 (34.1, 63.2)a | 30.5 (11.2, 49.8)a |
| MVPA | −3.93 (−13.3, 5.45) | −19.2 (−35.9, −2.40)a | −11.5 (−40.1, 17.1) | −3.72 (−28.6, 21.2) | −7.65 (−77.5, 62.2) | 6.83 (−9.18, 22.8) | −9.95 (−46.3, 26.4) |
| Alcohol useb | −14.9 (−22.5, −7.27)a | −36.9 (−52.9, −20.9)a | −12.4 (−31.2, 6.38) | 5.48 (−20.1, 31.0) | −22.2 (−60.1, 15.7) | −14.7 (−30.4, −0.99) | −12.2 (−29.1, 4.69) |
| Education status | |||||||
| No formal | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Refa | Ref |
| Primary | −4.21 (−15.1, 6.68) | −15.9 (−34.3, 2.37) | 5.06 (−17.4, 27.5) | 5.18 (−23.8, 34.2) | −20.2 (−66.2, 25.7) | 72.3 (35.2, 109)a | −23.3 (−61.8, 15.1) |
| Secondary | −3.10 (−14.3, 8.11) | −31.7 (−59.6, −3.77) | −6.85 (−29.3, 15.6) | 19.9 (−11.8, 51.5) | −14.3 (−57.7, 29.2) | 47.4 (14.5, 80.3)a | −19.3 (−57.9, 19.4) |
| Tertiary | −7.74 (−25.7, 10.2) | 2.92 (−37.5, 43.3) | −15.5 (−63.3, 32.3) | 14.3 (−32.9, 61.6) | −51.1 (−117, 14.8) | 43.7 (5.92, 81.5)a | 1.73 (−86.5, 89.9) |
| Household SES | |||||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | −2.11 (−14.1, 9.91) | 18.1 (−4.85, 40.9) | −8.45 (−35.4, 18.5) | −26.0 (−58.2, 6.17) | −19.8 (−51.1, 11.5) | 22.8 (−18.8, 64.4) | 0.77 (−26.6, 28.2) |
| Poor | −3.43 (−15.6, 8.70) | 5.67 (−18.3, 29.6) | −6.30 (−34.8, 22.2) | −42.9 (−75.9, −9.82)a | −24.8 (−63.1, 13.4) | 23.8 (−9.47, 56.9) | 7.85 (−18.2, 33.9) |
| Less poor | −15.3 (−27.1, −3.38)a | 0.01 (−25.2, 25.2) | −10.9 (−38.3, 16.4) | −40.5 (−73.3, −7.64)a | −20.6 (−62.8, 21.6) | 5.91 (−26.5, 38.3) | −17.5 (−43.7, 8.73) |
| Least poor | −4.52 (−16.27, 7.23) | 7.88 (−16.4, 32.2) | 1.49 (−26.4, 29.4) | −38.6 (−74.7, −2.39) a | −15.8 (−54.9, 23.3) | 13.6 (−18.8, 46.0) | 1.29 (−24.9, 27.5) |
| HIV+c | −11.7 (−21.0, −2.37)a | −79.2 (−148, −9.37)a | −60.0 (−110, −9.98)a | −42.6 (−137, −31.7)a | −92.2 (−162, −22.0)a | −38.2 (−181, −10.5)a | −3.91 (−26.0, 18.2) |
| HIV+ART+c | ··· | ··· | ··· | −161 (−214, −108)a | −69.3 (−86.9, −11.8)a | −49.5 (−83.1, −15.9)a | ··· |
| Variance (R 2) | 0.279 | 0.223 | 0.144 | 0.238 | 0.287 | 0.269 | 0.157 |
Multivariable linear regression analyses of factors associated with CIMT among women in the various sites. ART indicates antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CIMT, carotid intima‐media thickness; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐c, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MVPA, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SES, socioeconomic status.
a
Factors that are associated with CIMT at a P<0.05.
b
Current vs previous or never.
c
HIV+ vs HIV negative.