Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Total | Not Low Adherence |
Low Adherence |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=376 | N=169 | N=207 | ||
| Age (range = 41-73), M (SD) | 56.6 (7.15) | 56.9 (7.1) | 54.6 (7.0) | .002 |
| Female Sex, % (n) | 68.6 (258) | 27.8 (47) | 34.3 (71) | .182 |
| BMP† (n=375), M (SD) | 31.6 (6.2) | 31.1 (6.1) | 32.1 (6.3) | .124 |
| Foreign-born, %(n) | 84.0 (316) | 85.8 (145) | 82.6 (171) | .479 |
| Hispanic Ethnicity, % (n) | 23.1 (87) | 23.7 (40) | 22.3 (47) | .807 |
| Race, % (n) | .034 | |||
| Black | 65.7 (247) | 60.9 (103) | 69.6 (144) | |
| White | 14.6 (55) | 16.0 (27) | 13.5 (28) | |
| Asian | 5.1 (19) | 7.7 (13) | 3.9 (8) | |
| More than one | 5.6 (21) | 3.0 (5) | 6.8 (14) | |
| Other/Unknown | 9.0 (34) | 12.4 (21) | 6.3 (13) | |
| Education Level (n=373), % (n) | .758 | |||
| Less than high school diploma | 27.6 (104) | 28.4 (48) | 27.1 (56) | |
| High school diploma | 31.4 (118) | 32.0 (54) | 31.0 (64) | |
| Some college or tech school | 20.7 (78) | 25.4 (43) | 24.2 (50) | |
| College degree or more | 15.4 (58) | 13.0 (22) | 12.6 (26) | |
| Not Know | 0.8 (3) | 1.2 (2) | 0.5 (1) | |
| Annual Income (n=327), % (n) | .090 | |||
| Less than $29,000 | 40.7 (153) | 40.8 (69) | 40.6 (84) | |
| $30,000-$49,000 | 28.2 (106) | 32.5 (55) | 24.6 (51) | |
| $50,000-$99,999 | 18.1 (68) | 13.0 (22) | 22.2 (46) | |
| Refused/Not Know | 13.0 (49) | 13.6 (23) | 12.6 (26) | |
| Years since diagnosis, (n=367), M (SD) | 9.43 (6.7) | 10.3 (6.8) | 8.7 (6.4) | .024 |
| A1C > 8.5%, % (n) | 53.2 (200) | 47.3 (80) | 58.0 (120) | .048 |
| A1C (%), M (SD) | 9.1 (1.6) | 8.9 (1.5) | 9.2 (1.7) | .061 |
| Mmol/mol | 76.0 (17.5) | 73.8 (16.4) | 77.0 (18.6) | .061 |
| Prescribed insulin, % (n) | 22.9 (86) | 22.5 (38) | 23.2 (48) | .902 |
| Medication Adherence, M (SD) | ||||
| Self-Report | 2.7 (1.1) | 3.5 (0.5) | 2.1 (1.0) | <.001 |
| Pharmacy Claims | 0.55 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | <.001 |
| PHQ-8 ≥ 10 | 22.9 (86) | 14.2 (24) | 30.0 (62) | <.001 |
| Total PHQ-8, m (SD) | 5.78 (5.49) | 4.82 (4.9) | 6.58 (5.8) | .002 |
| Somatic Symptoms, m (SD) | 3.2 (3.0) | 2.73 (2.8) | 3.56 (3.2) | .008 |
| Trouble falling / staying asleep, m (SD) | .93 (1.1) | 0.80 (1.1) | 1.03 (1.2) | .050 |
| Tired or little energy, m (SD) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.07 (1.1) | 1.29 (1.1) | .049 |
| Poor appetite, m (SD) | .71 (1.0) | 0.62 (1.0) | 0.79 (1.0) | .110 |
| Move or speak slowly, m (SD) | .36 (0.8) | 0.24 (0.7) | 0.45 (0.9) | .011 |
| Cognitive-Affective Symptoms, m (SD) | 2.6 (2.9) | 2.1 (2.6) | 3.0 (3.2) | .002 |
| Little pleasure in doing things, m (SD) | .84 (1.1) | 0.71 (1.0) | 0.94 (1.1) | .035 |
| Feeling down, depressed, m (SD) | .79 (1.0) | 0.64 (0.9) | 0.91 (1.1) | .009 |
| Feeling bad about yourself, m (SD) | .50 (0.9) | 0.37 (0.8) | 0.61 (1.0) | .009 |
| Trouble concentrating, m (SD) | .48 (.87) | 0.38 (0.8) | 0.56 (0.9) | .041 |