TABLE 4.
Description of Study Outcomes and Summary of Findings, Organized by Study Design (n = 14)
| Health Outcomes | No. Publications Used to Examine Outcome |
No. Specific Outcomes Examined Across Publications |
No. Outcomes That Reveal | Mixed Results Across Outcomesa |
Conditional Associationsb |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Differencec |
Housing Assistance Predicted Better Outcome |
Housing Assistance Predicted Worse Outcome |
|||||
| Quasi-experimental (n = 4) | |||||||
| Wt41,50 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | √ | — |
| Emotion and/or behavior problems13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | √ |
| General perceived health13,41 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Violence57 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | √ |
| Birth wt41 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Substance use57 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | √ |
| Total (all outcomes) | 7 | 12 | 6 (50%) | 6 (50%) | 0 (0%) | — | — |
| Association studies (n = 10) | |||||||
| Wt and growth measures47,53,56 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | — | √ |
| Emotion and/or behavior problems17 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | √ | — |
| General perceived health53 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Violence48,55 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | — | √ |
| Birth wt49 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | — | — |
| Substance use51 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | √ |
| Asthma54 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | √ |
| Iron deficiency47 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — |
| Immunization52 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | — | — |
| Outdoor play56 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — |
| Total (all outcomes)d | 13 | 16 | 6 (37.5%) | 6 (37.5%) | 4 (25.0%) | — | — |
For each study, we summarize findings for the highest standard of evidence (eg, results from quasi-experimental tests even if correlational or association results were also included); eg, for Meyers et al,50 we only include the waitlist comparisons, because this resembles quasi-experimental evidence. —, not applicable.
Mixed refers to inconsistent results across specific outcomes examined.
Conditional association refers to studies in which housing assistance is unrelated to the outcome in the overall sample but an association exists only for some subgroup.
Defined at P value < .10.
The total of all outcomes is larger than the number of publications, because some publications examined housing assistance in relation to 2 or more outcomes.