Table 1.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia defence‐related trait responses (population means) to range, latitude, their interaction and latitude2 (to account for non‐linear relationship) in the constitutive experiment in multivariate (individual phenolic compounds) and univariate analyses (a), with dissection of significant range effects (p < 0.05) in post hoc tests (b). We reported Wald type III F (a) or χ 2 test values (b), Kenward–Roger degrees of freedom (subscript), significance (symbols). In the multivariate analysis, Wilk's λ measure the strength of the association, in univariate analyses, marginal (R 2m) and conditional (R 2c) coefficients measure the variance explained by fixed effects or full models. Models were step‐wise reduced starting with the highest order nonsignificant interaction and univariate analyses included neutral population genetic structure as a random effect
| (a) | Range | Latitude | Latitude2 | Range: Latitude | R 2m | R 2c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual phenolic compounds composition |
4.52016,132***, λ = 0.417 |
6.9288,66***, λ = 0.544 |
2.8148,66*, λ = 0.746 |
0.84916,128 (ns), λ = 0.817 |
||
| Phenolic concentration | 8.6011,71.918*** | 0.9341,73.244 (ns) | 0.0361,72.973 (ns) | 0.1271,70.054 (ns) | 0.189 | 0.290 |
| Phenolic richness | 7.6152,58.48** | 7.791,71.66** | 0.0461,53.51 (ns) | 2.0272,69.64 (ns) | 0.177 | 0.688 |
| Trichome density | 0.6632,71.183 (ns) | 1.8251,66.941 (ns) | 3.1481,74.991# | 0.1212,69.141 (ns) | 0.055 | 0.055 |
| (b) | North America–Europe | North America–Australia | Europe–Australia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual phenolic compounds composition |
3.2808,66**, λ = 0.716 |
1.5808,66 (ns), λ = 0.840 |
1.9948,66 (ns), λ = 0.805 |
| Phenolic concentration | 1.3971 (ns) | 9.3111** | 17.3211*** |
| Phenolic richness | 4.7831* | 12.7251*** | 15.8431*** |
ns, p > 0.1; #p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.