Table 2.

Provider‐Level Variation and Association of Predictor Variables With Smoking Cessation Assistance

Variable	Model 1	Model 2		Model 3
		Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value
Median rate ratio	6.65 (6.37–7.01)	6.30 (6.04–6.64)	–	6.00 (5.76–6.32)	–
Physician providera		1.18 (0.93–1.49)	0.18	1.18 (0.94–1.49)	0.16
Northeast vs West region		1.06 (0.78–1.45)	0.71	1.07 (0.79–1.45)	0.37
Midwest vs West region		1.68 (1.21–2.32)	0.002	1.62 (1.18–2.22)	0.003
South vs West region		0.47 (0.36–0.61)	<0.001	0.48 (0.37–0.63)	<0.001
Rural vs urban location		0.92 (0.89–0.95)	<0.001	0.92 (0.88–0.95)	<0.001
Suburban vs urban location		0.94 (0.91–0.96)	<0.001	0.94 (0.91–0.97)	<0.001
Age (per 10‐year increase)				0.88 (0.88–0.89)	<0.001
Female sex				1.18 (1.16–1.21)	<0.001
Hypertension				1.28 (1.25–1.31)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus				0.84 (0.82–0.87)	<0.001
Dyslipidemia				1.49 (1.45–1.52)	<0.001
Coronary artery disease				1.28 (1.25–1.32)	<0.001
Peripheral arterial disease				1.73 (1.68–1.78)	<0.001
TIA or ischemic stroke				1.14 (1.10–1.18)	<0.001
Heart failure				1.06 (1.03–1.10)	<0.001
Atrial fibrillation or flutter				0.93 (0.91–0.96)	<0.001
Prior vascular intervention				1.04 (1.01–1.08)	0.017

Model 1 (empty model) included provider number and was included as a random effect to estimate the variation in smoking cessation assistance among providers. Model 2 included practice‐level variables (practice number, Census region, and urbanity) and provider type (physician vs advanced practice providers) as fixed effect variables. Model 3 additionally included patient‐level variables (age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, TIA or cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, atrial fibrillation or flutter, and prior vascular intervention). TIA inidcates transient ischemic attack.

^aPhysician provider vs advanced practice provider.