Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 452 931 Individuals in the UKB With BMI and Hand‐Grip Strength Measures and Complete Covariate Data, Stratified By Body Composition as Defined By BMI and Hand‐Grip Strength
| Denominator | Optimal | Obese | Sarcopenic | Sarcopenic Obese | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 296 567 (65%) | 89 906 (20%) | 48 250 (11%) | 18 208 (4%) | |||||
| Follow‐up time (y) (median, IQR) | 6.18 | 5.48–6.86 | 6.17 | 5.46–6.88 | 6.00 | 5.31–6.67 | 6.01 | 5.32–6.72 |
| Death during follow‐up, n (%) | 6710 | 2.3% | 2790 | 3.1% | 1822 | 3.8% | 827 | 4.5% |
| CVD death during follow up n (%) | 1701 | 0.6% | 991 | 1.1% | 557 | 1.2% | 308 | 1.7% |
| Any CVD event during follow‐up, n (%) | 17 082 | 5.8% | 8135 | 9.1% | 3759 | 7.8% | 2314 | 12.7% |
| Mean age at baseline (SD) | 55.9 | 8.2 | 56.2 | 7.9 | 59.5 | 7.3 | 59.4 | 7.1 |
| Male, n (%) | 140 302 | 47.3% | 45 979 | 51.1% | 13 820 | 28.6% | 5467 | 30.0% |
| Ethnic group, n (%) | ||||||||
| White | 284 023 | 95.8% | 85 297 | 94.9% | 44 518 | 92.3% | 16 826 | 92.4% |
| South Asian | 3369 | 1.1% | 869 | 1.0% | 1657 | 3.4% | 527 | 2.9% |
| African Caribbean | 3495 | 1.2% | 2237 | 2.5% | 528 | 1.1% | 420 | 2.3% |
| Other | 5680 | 1.9% | 1503 | 1.7% | 1547 | 3.2% | 435 | 2.4% |
| Townsend deprivation score (mean, SD) | −1.6 | 2.9 | −1.0 | 3.2 | −1.2 | 3.1 | −0.4 | 3.4 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 827 | 0.3% | 335 | 0.4% | 229 | 0.5% | 111 | 0.6% |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 7149 | 2.4% | 8786 | 9.8% | 2241 | 4.6% | 2813 | 15.4% |
| History of CHD | 11 599 | 3.9% | 7061 | 7.9% | 3077 | 6.4% | 2146 | 11.8% |
| History of CVD (CHD, stroke, angina) | 33 226 | 11.2% | 15 140 | 16.8% | 7585 | 15.7% | 4321 | 23.7% |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never smoker | 208 804 | 70.4% | 57 030 | 63.4% | 34 242 | 71.0% | 11 914 | 65.4% |
| Ex‐smoker | 65 794 | 22.2% | 27 014 | 30.0% | 10 341 | 21.4% | 5144 | 28.3% |
| Current‐smoker | 21 969 | 7.4% | 5862 | 6.5% | 3667 | 7.6% | 1150 | 6.3% |
| 1 to 9 cigarettes per day | 4760 | 1.6% | 920 | 1.0% | 790 | 1.6% | 171 | 0.9% |
| 10 to 19 cigarettes per day | 9407 | 3.2% | 2347 | 2.6% | 1681 | 3.5% | 473 | 2.6% |
| 20 to 29 cigarettes per day | 6274 | 2.1% | 1920 | 2.1% | 952 | 2.0% | 378 | 2.1% |
| 30+ cigarettes per day | 1528 | 0.5% | 675 | 0.8% | 244 | 0.5% | 128 | 0.7% |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 18 696 | 6.3% | 7650 | 8.5% | 5638 | 11.7% | 2895 | 15.9% |
| Special occasions only | 27 608 | 9.3% | 12 837 | 14.3% | 6814 | 14.1% | 3828 | 21.0% |
| Once or twice a month | 30 881 | 10.4% | 12 209 | 13.6% | 5255 | 10.9% | 2438 | 13.4% |
| Once or twice a week | 76 936 | 25.9% | 24 131 | 26.8% | 12 034 | 24.9% | 4312 | 23.7% |
| 3 or 4 times a week | 75 610 | 25.5% | 18 285 | 20.3% | 9637 | 20.0% | 2637 | 14.5% |
| Almost daily | 66 836 | 22.5% | 14 794 | 16.5% | 8872 | 18.4% | 2098 | 11.5% |
| PA (median [IQR]) | ||||||||
| Days of moderate PA per week | 4 | [2,6] | 3 | [1,5] | 4 | [2,6] | 3 | [1,5] |
| Days of vigorous PA per week | 2 | [0,3] | 1 | [0,3] | 1 | [0,3] | 0 | [0,2] |
| Anthropometric/metabolic measures (mean, SD) | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 136.47 | 18.62 | 142.01 | 17.69 | 136.50 | 19.27 | 141.33 | 18.64 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.32 | 2.69 | 33.81 | 3.74 | 25.19 | 2.82 | 34.37 | 4.74 |
| Whole body fat mass (%) | 28.80 | 7.51 | 37.62 | 7.75 | 31.83 | 7.31 | 41.18 | 6.98 |
| Waist‐hip‐ratio | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.91 | 0.09 |
| Skeletal muscle mass index, kg/m2 | 7.63 | 1.39 | 8.65 | 1.50 | 6.96 | 1.30 | 7.98 | 1.49 |
| Grip strength, kg | 34.14 | 10.02 | 34.97 | 10.54 | 17.74 | 5.63 | 17.35 | 11.29 |
BMI indicates body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IQR, interquartile range; PA, physical activity.