Table 2.
Arterial Stiffness Overall and Stratified by Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Follow‐Up, Mean (SE)*
| Covariate | AIx (%) | PWVcf (m/s) | PWVft (m/s) | PWVcr (m/s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | P Value | Mean (SE) | P Value | Mean (SE) | P Value | Mean (SE) | P Value | |
| Overall | −2.33 (0.28) | 5.44 (0.03) | 8.09 (0.03) | 7.42 (0.03) | ||||
| Age | 0.007 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Older (≥18) | −3.08 (0.39) | 5.87 (0.04) | 8.54 (0.05) | 7.67 (0.05) | ||||
| Younger (<18) | −1.60 (0.39) | 5.06 (0.03) | 7.69 (0.04) | 7.19 (0.04) | ||||
| Age at diagnosis | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Older (10–19) | −3.49 (0.38) | 5.80 (0.04) | 8.42 (0.05) | 7.57 (0.05) | ||||
| Younger (<10) | −1.09 (0.40) | 5.08 (0.03) | 7.77 (0.05) | 7.27 (0.04) | ||||
| Sex | <0.0001 | NS | <0.0001 | 0.01 | ||||
| Female | 0.47 (0.39) | 5.44 (0.04) | 7.89 (0.05) | 7.34 (0.05) | ||||
| Male | −4.99 (0.37) | 5.44 (0.04) | 8.28 (0.05) | 7.50 (0.04) | ||||
| Race | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Non‐Hispanic white | −3.01 (0.31) | 5.37 (0.03) | 8.07 (0.04) | 7.33 (0.04) | ||||
| Non‐Hispanic black | 0.97 (1.01) | 5.72 (0.09) | 8.45 (0.13) | 8.12 (0.11) | ||||
| Hispanic | −0.33 (0.76) | 5.58 (0.08) | 7.86 (0.10) | 7.36 (0.09) | ||||
| Other | −2.73 (1.38) | 5.79 (0.23) | 8.41 (0.23) | 7.57 (0.16) | ||||
| Glycated hemoglobin | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.006 | ||||
| <9 | −3.35 (0.39) | 5.33 (0.04) | 8.00 (0.05) | 7.33 (0.04) | ||||
| ≥9 | −1.22 (0.39) | 5.56 (0.04) | 8.19 (0.05) | 7.51 (0.05) | ||||
| Insulin sensitivity | NS | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.01 | ||||
| <8.15 (insulin resistant) | −2.48 (0.32) | 5.63 (0.03) | 8.20 (0.04) | 7.47 (0.04) | ||||
| 8.15+ (insulin sensitive) | −2.07 (0.56) | 4.96 (0.04) | 7.81 (0.06) | 7.29 (0.06) | ||||
| Duration of diabetes mellitus | NS | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | ||||
| <8 y | −2.63 (0.39) | 5.26 (0.03) | 7.90 (0.05) | 7.33 (0.05) | ||||
| ≥8 y | −2.02 (0.39) | 5.65 (0.04) | 8.31 (0.05) | 7.53 (0.04) | ||||
| Cardiac autonomic neuropathy | NS | 0.0002 | 0.0005 | |||||
| No | −2.75 (0.30) | 5.45 (0.03) | 8.08 (0.04) | 7.42 (0.04) | 0.09 | |||
| Yes | −2.68 (0.85) | 5.76 (0.08) | 8.46 (0.11) | 7.60 (0.09) | ||||
AIx indicates augmentation index; NS, nonsignificant; PWVcf, pulse wave velocity, carotid‐femoral; PWVcr, pulse wave velocity, carotid‐radial; PWVft, pulse wave velocity, femoral‐foot.