Table 2.
Gelation temperature and ex vivo permeation parameters of VPN from different NCs-loaded ISG compared with raw VPN-loaded ISG across bovine nasal mucosa
| Formula | Gelation temperature (°C) | Cumulative VPN permeated (%) | Dmax (µg) | Steady-state flux (Jss) (µg/cm2.h) | Permeability coefficient (PC) (cm/h) | Diffusion coefficient (D) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TPGS-micelles-ISG | 29.00±1.73 | 58.38±5.19 | 639.029 | 0.7258 | 0.001116626 | 0.001581934 |
| Peg-Lips-ISG | 25.33±1.53 | 49.57±7.42 | 511.941 | 0.7913 | 0.001217435 | 0.001814617 |
| SLNs-ISG | 26.67±1.15 | 78.76±4.19 | 379.501 | 0.5585 | 0.000859353 | 0.000911253 |
| TFs-ISG | 30.00±1.00 | 98.31±2.82 | 322.203 | 0.3771 | 0.000580095 | 0.000407787 |
| Raw VPN-ISG | 23.67±0.58 | 34.54±7.80 | 224.536 | 0.2039 | 0.000313735 | 0.000123760 |
Note: 0.5% Carbopol 940 and 22% poloxamer 407 were used in each ISG formulation.
Abbreviations: VPN, vinpocetine; NCs, nanocarriers; ISG, in situ gelling; SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles; TPGS, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate; TFs, tranfersomes.