Table 4.
Mean ± SD cognitive functions tests according to the percentile of free sugar intake
| Cognitive function test | 25th percentile <4 teaspoons (<17.49 g) |
50th percentile 4–7 teaspoons (17.49–33.18) |
75th percentile 7–12 teaspoons (33.19–57.12 g) |
100th percentile >12 teaspoons (>57.12 g) |
η2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digit span | 8.78 (3.04) | 8.51 (4.84) | 8.88 (2.71) | 8.71 (6.24) | 0 | 0.835 |
| RAVLT immediate | 50.40 (10.08)b | 50.07 (9.87)b | 49.22 (9.55)a,b | 47.55 (9.35)a | 0.008 | 0.016* |
| RAVLT delayed | 51.04 (10.21)b | 50.36 (10.15)b | 49.33 (9.85)a,b | 47.52 (9.55)a | 0.013 | 0.002** |
| MMSE | 25.87 (3.44)c | 25.29 (3.72)b,c | 25.02 (3.54)b | 23.84 (4.03)a | 0.048 | 0.000*** |
| MoCA | 21.86 (5.08)c | 20.85 (5.28)a,b,c | 21.40 (4.88)b,c | 19.97 (5.54)a | 0.02 | 0.000*** |
| Digit symbol | 11.23 (71.76) | 4.96 (2.85) | 8.09 (50.90) | 7.19 (50.92) | 0.002 | 0.491 |
| VR-I | 51.98 (34.44)c | 44.38 (34.19)a,b | 49.36 (34.41)b,c | 39.59 (34.38)a | 0.019 | 0.000*** |
| VR-II | 63.90 (35.05) | 55.23 (35.61) | 72.18 (222.58) | 48.93 (36.17) | 0.005 | 0.177 |
Notes: ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05 significant at two-tailed using ANCOVA, adjusted for covariates: gender, age, years of education, BMI, marital status, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, geriatric depression scale. Different letters (a,b,c) in the same row indicate significant differences (p<0.001) based on Tukey post-hoc test.
Abbreviations: RAVLT, Rey’s auditory verbal learning test; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.