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. 2019 Jul 29;9:10909. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47053-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of lithium on circadian period length in the kidney ex vivo. (a) Transcriptional oscillation of Per2 was monitored as bioluminescence in kidney explants of male Per2^Luc mice. After synchronization by dexamethasone treatment (100 nM for 1 h), bioluminescence was measured in the presence of lithium (0 mM, black; 1 mM, green; 10 mM, red curves) and integrated for 1 min at 15 min intervals. The peak value of the first curve was set to 100 (time = 0). To facilitate visual comparison of circadian characteristics, negative control curves (0 mM, black curves) are merged with the other curves. The data are from two independent experiments (Mouse #1 and #2). (b) The data sets in A were detrended by subtracting the 24-h moving average from the raw data. Note the difference in period length between vehicle- and 10 mM lithium-treated explants (black versus red curves). (c) Period length was calculated using the data sets in B by cosinor analysis, and the average ± SE (n = 8) was compared among three different concentrations of lithium in two mice. Student’s t-test was performed and asterisks indicate P < 0.01.