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. 2019 Jul 29;9:11013. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47307-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial variability of heat stress exposure indicators in the wider Caribbean region from 1985–2017. (a) Map showing heat stress values per pixel. (b) Histogram of the distribution of heat stress for ecoregions and the wider Caribbean in the entire time series. (c) Map and (d) histogram of bleaching risk events (≥ 4 °C-weeks). (e) Map and (f) histogram of mortality risk events (≥ 8 °C-weeks). (g) Map showing trend of annual maximum DHW obtained by a Generalized Least Squares model (GLS), considering a temporal autocorrelation; the grey pixels show non-significant trend coefficients (p-value > 0.05). (h) Histogram of the annual trend of maximum DHW. Histograms for the ecoregions are ordered by statistical significance supported by a pairwise post hoc comparison of the heteroscedastic one-way ANOVA test (Tables S5–S8). The total number of pixels (25,591) for the complete region represents an area of about 127,405 km². The corresponding numbers of pixels included in each ecoregion are shown in parenthesis. Maps were created using QGIS version 3.2.0 (https://www.qgis.org/en/site/)⁷³.