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. 2019 Jul 29;9:10993. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47400-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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USWC warming vs. no-USWC warming. Comparison of the composite evolution of SST (shading), SLP (black contours, negative values dashed) and precipitation (green contours, negative values dashed) anomalies during El Niño events with no USWC warming (right panels) and for the cases of USWC warming during JFM, a season characterized by the largest USWC SST variance (left panels). El Niño events with no USWC warming were identified by requiring that the Niño3.4 index exceeds 1 standard deviation during DJF, but the SST_C index is below 1 standard deviation during JFM of the same winter. The fields are displayed for the FMA, JJA and OND seasons prior to the Niño3.4 and SST_C maxima. Contour intervals are 0.1 °C for SST, 0.5 mbar for SLP, and 0.5 mm/day for precipitation.