Table 5.

The effect of tobacco on the alveolar bone

Reference	Microbiological technique	Principal findings
Kubota et al. 84	RT-PCR	CSE and Nicotine increased the number of osteoclasts and upregulated the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand
Wu et al. 85	ELISA	Nicotine has the ability to act on osteoclast precursors, inducing its osteoclastogenic differentiation
Costa-Rodrigues et al. 86	RT-PCR	In the presence of the growth factors, the osteoclastogenesis enhancers M-CSF and RANKL a significant increase in their resorbing ability is also achieved
Saito et al. 88	Micro-CT	Nicotine can inhibit osteoblast differentiation
Katono et al. 89	Immunohistochemical Staining	Culture of nicotine and osteoblasts Saos-2 Cells significantly increase in the expression of MMP
Tura-Ceide et al. 92	RT-PCR	Tobacco is associated with lower numbers of circulating stem cells, which affects the homing and functional capabilities of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells