Table 1.
The characteristics of 24 included trials
| Study | N | Study arm | Description study arm | Male/ Female | Age (years) Mean±SD / Median (range) | Smoking history (years) Mean±SD / Median (range) | N Cigarettes daily Mean±SD / Median (range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baccetti et al.55 (2015) | 477 | I | True TCM (included pharmacupuncture, plum-blossom needling and auriculotherapy) | 59/103 | 50.0±10.4 / 50(28–85) | 32.0±10.1 / 32(11–65) | 21.7±9.1 / 20(10–60) |
| C-1 | True TCM and counselling | 57/102 | 51.4±10.3 / 51(26–75) | 33.2±10.8 / 33(10–58) | 23.3±9.4 / 20(10–60) | ||
| C-2 | Sham TCM and counselling | 56/100 | 47.8±9.1 / 48(28–71) | 30.8±9.2 / 31(10–55) | 23.3±10.4 / 20(10–80) | ||
| Bier et al.56 (2002) | 141 | I | True acupuncture and education | Total 45 | NA/46.4(26–81) | NA/15.7(5–30) | NA/27.2(6.4–80) |
| C-1 | Sham acupuncture and education | Total 58 | |||||
| C-2 | True acupuncture only | Total 38 | |||||
| Chae et al.57 (2010) | 29 | I | Acupuncture | 15/0 | 27.9±2.7/NA | NA | NA |
| C | Sham acupuncture | 14/0 | |||||
| ClavelChapelon et al.59 (1997) | 996 | I | Nicotine gum and acupuncture | Total 548 | NA/34(NA) | 18±9/NA | NA |
| C | Placebo | Total 448 | |||||
| Clavel58 (1985) | 651 | I | Acupuncture | Total 224 | NA | NA | NA |
| C-1 | Nicotine gum | Total 205 | |||||
| C-2 | No intervention | Total 222 | |||||
| Cottraux et al.60 (1983) | 558 | I | Acupuncture | 108/32 | NA/NA (30–40) | 18.6±0.7/NA | 31.3±1.0/NA |
| C-1 | Behaviour therapy | 105/33 | 18.0±0.7/NA | 31.5±0.9/NA | |||
| C-2 | Placebo medication | 105/35 | 17.7±0.7/NA | 31.6±1.1/NA | |||
| C-3 | Waiting-list | 118/22 | 18.5±0.7/NA | 30.9±1.1/NA | |||
| He et al.61 (2001) | 46 | I | Acupuncture | 8/18 | 37.0±10.0/NA | 21.0±9.0/NA | 22.0±5.0/NA |
| C | Sham acupuncture | 10/10 | |||||
| Hyun et al.62 (2010) | 80 | I | Acupuncture | 36/2 | NA/40.0(34.0–46.0) | NA/20.0(15.0–28.0) | NA/20.0(20.0–30.0) |
| C | Sham acupuncture | 39/3 | NA/42.0(34.0–49.0) | NA/22.5(15.0–30.0) | NA/20.0(20.0–30.0) | ||
| Steiner et al.63 (1982) | 32 | I | Acupuncture | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| C | Sham acupuncture | ||||||
| Waite & Clough64 (1998) | 78 | I | Electroacupuncture using two needles at an active site plus self-retained ear seeds | 22/18 | NA/40.0(24.0–67.0) | NA/26.0 (5.0–53.0) | NA/NA(16.0–25.0) |
| C | Electroacupuncture using two needles at a placebo site plus self-retained ear seeds | 21/17 | NA/45.0(23.0–69.0) | NA/28.0 (4.0–53.0) | |||
| White et al.65 (1998) | 76 | I | Electroacupuncture | 17/21 | 40.8±10.9/NA | 22.6±9.5/NA | Most<30.0 |
| C | Sham electroacupuncture | 20/18 | 42.5±13.9/NA | 23.8±13.0/NA | |||
| Wu et al.66 (2007) | 118 | I | Auricular acupuncture | 48/11 | 54.3±16.9/NA | 33.8±18.3/NA | 16.7±10.6/NA |
| C | Sham acupuncture | 52/7 | 53.0±16.9/NA | 32.8±17.4/NA | 20.7±13.1/NA | ||
| Yeh et al.67 (2009) | 59 | I | Auricular electron acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | Total 30 | 28.0±7.8/NA | 11.0±6.9/NA | 14.8±6.4/NA |
| C | Sham auricular electron acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | Total 29 | 27.0±7.6/NA | 11.0±7.1/NA | 16.6±5.7/NA | ||
| Bai & Ren53 (2001) | 80 | I | Acupuncture | 40/0 | NA/NA(19–23) | NA/NA(1–5) | NA/NA(5–30) |
| C | No intervention | 40/0 | |||||
| Han52 (2006) | 42 | I | Acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | Total 22 | M: NA/NA(23–70) | >10 | NA/NA(20–40) |
| C | Auricular acupressure | Total 20 | F: NA/NA(19–72) | ||||
| Huang51 (2012) | 60 | I | Acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | 27/3 | 33.9±8.6/NA | 11.9±7.1/NA | 22.7±5.3/NA |
| C | Sham acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | 25/5 | 31.3±7.3/NA | 9.7±5.5/NA | 21.0±4.9/NA | ||
| Liang50 (2013) | 60 | I | Acupuncture | Total 30 | 35.5±13.5/NA(20–58) | NA | NA |
| C | NRT nicotine replacement therapy | Total 30 | 36.0±14.0/NA(26–50) | ||||
| Liu et al.49 (2015) | 48 | I | Acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | 20/4 | 42±8/NA(20–70) | 25±7/NA(2–46) | 15±7/NA (15–50) |
| C | Auricular acupressure | 18/6 | 40±6/NA(18–65) | 24±5/NA(2–44) | 13±5 /NA(15–46) | ||
| Peng48 (2015) | 60 | I | Acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | 27/3 | 44.1±12.2/NA | 23.0±11.0/NA | 17.1±6.2/NA |
| C | Nicotine paste (NRT) | 26/4 | 46.0±12.0/NA | 24.8±11.6/NA | 16.8±6.3/NA | ||
| Wang & Song47 (2013) | 60 | I | Acupuncture plus Moxibustion | 15/15 | NA/49 (40–55) | >20 | NA /NA(15–20) |
| C | Acupuncture | 16/14 | NA/46 (39–55) | ||||
| Wu54 (2015) | 62 | I | Acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | 27/3 | 47.8±12.9/NA | 27.1±10.7/NA | most 11–20 |
| C | Nicotine paste (NRT) | 30/2 | 47.6±12.7/NA | 27.0±13.6/NA | |||
| Zhang et al.46 (2004) | 60 | I | Wrist-ankle acupuncture | 30/0 | 25.7±4.4/NA | 8.9±4.3/NA | 25.8±7.2/NA |
| C | Acupuncture | 30/0 | 25.4±3.7/NA | 8.7±3.5/NA | 24.7±7.2/NA | ||
| Zhou & Wang45 (2010) | 60 | I | Electron acupuncture plus auricular acupressure | 13/17 | 40.7±10.12/NA (20–60) | 12.9±5.22/NA(1–30) | NA |
| C | Electron acupuncture | 13/17 | 40.3±9.78/NA(20–60) | 13.0±4.67/NA(1–30) | |||
| Li44 (2016) | 50 | I | Acupuncture | 25/0 | NA | 23.96±12.03/NA | 18.33±7.16/NA |
| C | Nicotine paste (NRT) | 25/0 | 21.61±11.47/NA | 18.74±7.07/NA |
N: number, I: intervention, C: control, M: male, F: female, NA: not applicable, SD: standard deviation.