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. 2019 Jul 29;9:10954. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47554-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mineral nitrogen (N) (ammonium-N + nitrate-N) in the 0–20 cm soil layer (a,c) and 20–40 cm soil layer (b,d) of intercropped pea (IP) or sole pea (SP) with two N treatments (N0, 0 kg N ha⁻¹; and N1, 225 kg N ha⁻¹ for pea and 450 kg N ha⁻¹ for maize) (a,c) and three maize densities in intercropping (D1, 73,600 plants ha⁻¹; D2, 85,900 plants ha⁻¹; and D3, 98,200 plants ha⁻¹ for sole maize; the relative density of intercropped maize (according to the proportion of occupied area in intercropping) was 45,000, 52,500, and 60,000 plants ha⁻¹ for D1, D2, and D3, respectively) (b,d). Error bars indicate standard errors of the means (n = 4).