Effect of obesity on PAT1 protein. A–C) BBM protein expression of PAT1 increased significantly in OZRs (A), TOM (B), and obese humans (C) compared with their respective controls. Western blot experiments were performed at least 3 times and quantitated in the lower panels. D–F) Further, immunofluorescence studies in Zucker rats also showed that PAT1 expression (green) was increased in LZRs (D) compared with OZRs (E) in the BBM of small-intestinal villus cells, and densitometric quantification of both (F) showed increased PAT1 during obesity as well. In D and E, a representative experimental pictograph is shown and quantitation of 5 such experiments is shown in F. *P < 0.01.