(A) Representative pictures of cell death assays on TRV-silenced leaves. Pictures were taken 5 days after agroinfiltreation with A. tumefaciens cells carrying a construct for constitutive expression of uidA (GUS), 33 full length (33FL) or without signal peptide (33Δsp), or a 1:1 combination of Xanthomonas effector AvrBs3 and the resistance gene Bs4, used as positive control. The experiment was performed in quadruplicate (N = 32). (B) Validation of virus-induced gene silencing by quantitative RT-PCR. Accumulation of transcripts from N. benthamiana genes EDS1 and SGT1 in 6 individual plants, 3 weeks after agroinfiltration with A. tumefaciens cells carrying a construct for TRV-induced gene silencing of uidA, EDS1 and SGT1. Data are shown relative to L23 and F-BOX reference genes. Circles represent ratios, lines represent means. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (P < 0.05).