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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 29.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Robot. 2017 Nov 22;2(12):eaap9281. doi: 10.1126/scirobotics.aap9281

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Examples of cardiomyocyte-powered devices. A: A three-legged crawler driven by cardiomyocyte actuation of long cantilever-based legs (34). B: A spermatozoa inspired biohybrid device that swims due to cardiomyocytes driving the actuation of a long filamentous tail (31). C: A jellyfish-inspired device in which mircopatterning is used to direct the growth of cardiomyocytes seeded on the radial arms (32). D: A stingray inspired device powered by optogenetically modified cardiomyocytes to facilitate steering (33).