Table 1:

Fitted Models for SIM1

Model	Description	# Par.	Dropped Parameters	Extra Parameters
Correct Model
M1	Correct model	23
Misspecified Measurement Models
M2	Drop 1 cross loading	22	λ41
M3	Drop 2 cross loadings	21	λ41, λ72
M4	Drop 3 cross loadings	20	λ41, λ72, λ63
M5	Drop cross-loadings; add correlated errors	22	λ72, λ63	θ67
M6	Correlated errors	24		θ67
M7	Switch factor loadings	23	λ21, λ52	λ51, λ22
Misspecified Structural Models
M8	Add double-lagged effect	24		γ31
M9	Add correlated errors and double-lagged effect	25		θ67, β31
M10	No relations among η’s	21	β21, β32
M11	Two latent variables (remove η3)	19	λ42, λ72, λ73, λ93, β32, ψ33	λ82, λ92
M12	Four latent variables (add η4)	24	λ41, λ62, λ72, λ83, λ93	λ32, λ53, λ74, λ94, β43, ψ44