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Ordered surface nanotopography assembled from phage nanofibers directed the osteoblastic differentiation of iPSCs. (A) The surface nanotopography was fabricated by a layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly method. The glass substrate was alternately immersed into the cationic poly-L-lysine solution and anionic phage nanofiber solution. (B-D) The bright-field, SEM and AFM image of the resultant ridge/groove nanotopography. Adapted with permission from [19].
