| Study population | Year | N | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) | 2013–2014 | 183 | Reduced saccular function associated with significantly poorer scores on neurocognitive tests of visuospatial ability in cross-sectional analyses; no significant relationship between saccular function and tests of language, executive function, and verbal memory |
| National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | 1999–2002 | 1303 | Vestibular impairment (based on modified Romberg test) associated with significantly poorer Digit Symbol Subsitution Score in cross-sectional analyses |
| National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) | 2008 | 20,950 | Vestibular vertigo (based on questionnaire responses) significantly associated with 4-fold increased odds of “difficulty remembering and confusion” in cross-sectional analyses |
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