Figure 1.

HLA class I upregulation occurs during in vivo DENV infection. (A) Visualization of immune cell subsets in PBMCs from acute Panamanian DENV patients and healthy Panamanian controls using viSNE. The plots represent pooled data from n = 8 DENV patients and n = 31 controls. To assure equal donor representation, 4,375 events were used from each DENV patient and 1,129 events were used from each healthy control, resulting in 34,999 pooled events to generate both the DENV+ and healthy control viSNEs. Color key demonstrates major cell populations as determined by gating overlaid upon the viSNE visualization, demonstrating clusters of major cell subsets. (B) viSNE visualization of total HLA class I and HLA-E expression in whole PBMCs from DENV patients and healthy controls, generated as in (A). (C) Representative histogram from a DENV patient illustrating HLA class I^high and HLA class I^low expressing monocytes gated on for generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis. (D) GLMM analysis of markers associated with HLA class I^high and HLA class I^low expressing monocytes. (E) Representative histogram from a DENV patient showing increased HLA class I expression by the monocyte subset gated on using the 10 markers identified in (D) (CD163, CD48, HLA-DR, CD95, LFA-3, HLA-E, ICAM-1, CCR2, Nectin-1, and CD14) compared to total monocytes from the same donor. (F) Summary data from all eight DENV patients. Wilcoxon signed-rank test ^**P < 0.01.